Anatomy of Upper and Lower Limbs (ANAT 201)

Study Notes

Anatomy examines the structure of the body, including organs, tissues, bones, and cells.
Related discipline, Physiology, studies functions of living organisms, interlinked with anatomy for understanding body functions.

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic): Analyzes structures without microscopy.
- Regional Anatomy: Focuses on specific body regions.
- Systemic Anatomy: Studies specific body systems.
- Surface Anatomy: Examines the body surface.
- Comparative Anatomy: Compares anatomical features across different species.
- Developmental Anatomy: Observes structural changes from fertilization to adulthood.
- Embryology: Studies structural changes up to the eighth week of development.
Microscopic Anatomy: Investigates structures at a cellular level.
- Histology: Study of tissues.
- Cytology: Study of cells.
- Microscopes utilized include light microscopes, electron microscopes, fluorescence, and confocal microscopes.

Organization: Complexity in structure and function.
Metabolism: Encompasses all body chemical reactions (anabolic and catabolic).
Responsiveness and Movement: Cells and organs respond and move.
Homeostasis: Stable internal environment maintained.
Development: Growth through increased cell size and number.
Differentiation: Cells specialize from an unspecialized state.
Reproduction: Produces new individuals.
Evolution: Genetic population changes over time.

Integumentary System: Comprises skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails.
- Functions include protecting from hazards, regulating temperature, providing sensory information, and Vitamin D production.
Skeletal System: Includes bones, cartilages, ligaments, and bone marrow.
- Functions involve support, protection, movement framework, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
Muscular System: Mainly contains skeletal muscles and tendons.
- Functions are providing movement, protection, support, and heat generation.
Nervous System: Comprises the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs.
- Provides sensory information interpretation, directs responses to stimuli, and coordinates organ system activities.
Endocrine System: Includes glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas.
- Directs long-term activity changes in organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use.