Anatomy of Upper and Lower Limbs (ANAT 201) PDF

Anatomy of Upper and Lower Limbs (ANAT 201) Professor BALA Usman [email protected] Usman BALA, PhD 1  Lecture Outline 1. Definition Anatomy 2. Characteristics of the Human Body § Levels of Organizati...

Anatomy of Upper and Lower Limbs (ANAT 201) Professor BALA Usman [email protected] Usman BALA, PhD 1  Lecture Outline 1. Definition Anatomy 2. Characteristics of the Human Body § Levels of Organization § Body Systems 3. Anatomical Terminology 4. Body Structures and Cavities  Learning Outcomes Define Anatomy and its importance in understanding human health and disease. Identify the different branches of anatomy Explain the difference between Anatomy and Physiology Describe the fundamental characteristics of the human body Identify and describe the major body systems Explain the concept of body planes Identify the components, functions and interactions of each body system Use descriptive terms related to position and movement Identify and describe the major body cavities  Definition of Anatomy Anatomy is the study of the body’s structure. It is a branch of science that study the structures (organs, tissues, bones, cells) that exist in animals and people. Note that: There is a related scientific discipline called Physiology - The study of how normal living organisms function and work. Physiology helps us to understand the functions of different parts of the body, but understanding anatomy is essential for physiology.  Division of Anatomy Gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy, - examines structures without the use of the microscope Subdivisions Regional anatomy: Specific regions of the body. Systemic anatomy: Specific system of the body. Surface anatomy: Body surface. Comparative anatomy: Between different species Developmental anatomy : Structural changes from fertilized egg to an adult form. Embryology: Study of the structural changes from fertilized egg to the eighth week of development.  Division of Anatomy Microscopic anatomy examines structures not visible to the naked eye Subdivisions ─ Histology: study of tissues and their structures ─ Cytology: study of cells and their structures Microscopes include; Light Microscope : Compound Electron Microscopes: Transmission and Scanning Fluorescence microscope Confocal microscope  Characteristics of the Human Body 1. Organization: Increasing levels of complexity in structure and function 2. Metabolism: All the chemical reactions (anabolic and catabolic) that occur in the body. 3. Responsiveness and movement: of cells, organs, body parts or the whole body. 4. Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions 5. Development : Growth: Increase in body size due to increase in cell number, cell size, or non-living matrix  Characteristics of the Human Body 6. Differentiation: Cells changing from unspecialized to specialized state. 7. Reproduction: Formation of new individual. 8. Evolution: Genetic changes in a population of over time.  Levels of Organization 1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Organelles 4. Cells 5. Tissues 6. Organs 7. Organ System 8. Organism  Systems of the body 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive  The Organ Systems: Integumentary Major Organs Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails Functions 1. Protects against environmental hazards 2. Helps regulate body temperature 3. Provides sensory information 4. Vitamin D production The Organ Systems: Skeletal system Major Organs n Bones n Cartilages n Associated ligaments n Bone marrow Functions 1. Provides support and protection for other tissues 2. Framework for muscles to cause movement 3. Stores calcium and other minerals 4. Forms blood cells The Systems of the body: Muscular Major Organs n Skeletal muscles and associated tendons Functions 1. Provides movement 2. Provides protection and support for other tissues 3. Generates heat that maintains body temperature The Systems of the body: Nervous Major Organs Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs Functions 1. Provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions 2. Directs immediate responses to stimuli 3. Coordinates or moderates activities of organ systems The Systems of the body: Endocrine Major Organs n Pituitary gland n Pineal gland n Thyroid gland n Parathyroid glans n Thymus n Adrenal gland n Pancreas n Gonads n Endocrine tissues in other systems Functions 1. Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems 2. Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body 3. Controls many structural and functional changes during development The Systems of the body: Cardiovascular Major Organs Heart Blood Blood vessels Functions 1. Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide 2. Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature The Systems of the body: Lymphatic Major Organs n Spleen n Thymus n Lymphatic vessels n Lymph nodes n Tonsils Functions 1. Defends against infection and disease 2. Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream The Systems of the body: Respiratory Major Organs Nasal cavi)es Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Func.ons 1. Delivers air to alveoli in lungs where gas exchange occurs 2. Provides oxygen to bloodstream 3. Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream 4. Produces sounds for communica)on  The Systems of the body: Digestive Major Organs n Teeth n Tongue n Pharynx n Esophagus n Stomach n Small intestine n Large intestine n Liver n Gallbladder n Pancreas n Functions 1. Processes and digests food 2. Absorbs and conserves water 3. Absorbs nutrients 4. Stores energy reserves The Systems of the body: Urinary Major Organs n Kidneys n Ureters n Urinary bladder n Urethra Functions 1. Excretes waste products from the blood 2. Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced 3. Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination 4. Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH The Systems of the body: Reproduction  Anatomical Terminology Anatomical position: Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are describe: It is describe as; Standing upright, Feet together flat on ground, Toes pointing forward, Hands at sides, Palms facing forward Face facing forward  Position and Directional Terms Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another, usually along one of the three major body planes: Superior and inferior Medial and lateral Anterior and Posterior Proximal & Distal Superficial & Deep  Position and Directional Terms Superior n Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body Inferior n Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body Medial n Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body Lateral n Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body  Position and Directional Terms Anterior n Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body Posterior n Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body Distal (Reference to the extremities only) n Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb Proximal (Reference to the extremities only) n Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb  Position and Directional Terms n Proximal and Distal n When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots.  Position and Directional Terms Superficial § Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure Deep § Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure Intermediate § in between the superficial and the deep  Position and Directional Terms Ventral Towards the front or belly Dorsal Towards the back  Position and Directional Terms Prone Lying face down Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home. Supine Lying face up Lying on your spine  Position and Directional Terms Unilateral / Ipsilateral Pertaining to one side of the body Bilateral Pertaining to both sides of the body Contralateral On opposite sides of the body. Intermediate One structure is between two other structures  Terms of Movement Flexion n Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones n In the fetal position we are flexing our joints Extension n Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones n In the anatomical position we are extending our joints Hyperextension n Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.  Terms of Movement Abduction — Moving a body part away from the midline of the body Adduction — Moving a body part towards the midline of the body  Terms of Movement Pronation — Turning the arm or foot downward — (palm or sole of the foot - down) – Prone Supination — Turning the arm or foot upward — (palm or sole of the foot - up) – Supine  Terms of Movement Retraction — Moving a part backward Protraction — Moving a part forward Elevation — Raising a part Depression — Lowering a part  Terms of Movement Rotation — Turning on a single axis Circumduction — Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder Internal rotation — Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline External rotation — Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline  Terms of Movement Inversion — Turning the sole of the foot inward Eversion — Turning the sole of the foot outward Dorsiflexion — Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin Plantarflexion — Ankle movement pointing the foot downward  Terms of Movement Radial Deviation — Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side. Ulnar Deviation — Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side. Opposition — Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand. Terms of Movement Terms of Movement Regional Terms  Anatomical Planes — These are fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures — Allow one to obtain a three- dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views Plane: an imaginary flat surface passing through the body Section: an actual cut or slice to visualize internal organization and A B structure  Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane The plane dividing the body into right and left portions n Midsagi'al plane n Through the midline, (median) n Equal right and leK halves n Parasagi'al plane/sec)on n Away from the midline. n Unequal right and leK por)ons A B  Anatomical Planes Frontal plane (coronal) n The plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions Transverse plane (Horizontal) n The horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.  Frontal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane Body regions n Cranial cavity n Thoracic cavity n Abdominal cavity n Pelvic cavity n Abdominopelvic quadrants n Abdominopelvic regions  Body Cavities Body Cavities are paces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs. Posterior or dorsal cavity Cranial cavity: Contains the brain. Vertebral cavity: Contains the spinal cord. Ventral body cavity (coelom) Divided by the diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Body Cavities THORACIC CAVITY Right Left lung lung in right in left pleural pleural cavity cavity BODY CAVITIES Mediastinum ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY Diaphragm THORACIC CAVITY The abdominal cavity contains many digestive glands and organs Retroperitoneal area Diaphragm The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, ABDOMINOPELVIC reproductive organs, and the CAVITY last portion of the digestive tract;  Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity Provides protection Allows organ movement Linings prevent friction Subdivides during development into Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm Peritoneal Cavity Extends throughout abdominal cavity Right Pleural Cavity Mediastinum Left Pleural Cavity and into superior portion of pelvic Surrounds right lung trachea, esophagus, Surrounds left lung cavity thymus and major vessels Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity Contains many Contains urinary Pericardial cavity digestive glands bladder, and organs reproductive Surrounds heart organs, last portion of digestive tract, rectum Body Cavities DORSAL/POSTERIOR VENTRAL/ANTERIOR Cranial cavity Pleural cavity Thoracic cavity Pericardial cavity Vertebral cavity Diaphragm Peritoneal cavity Abdominopelvic Abdominal cavity cavity Pelvic cavity  Body Regions Right Upper Left Upper Quadrant Quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right Lower Left Lower Quadrant Quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ) Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel. The terms for these quadrants or their abbreviations are most often used in clinical discussions.  Body Regions Right Left hypochondriac hypochondriac region Epigastric region region Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar region region region Right Hypogastric (pubic) Left inguinal inguinal region region region Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions.  Body Regions Liver Stomach Gallbladder Spleen Large intestine Small intestine Appendix Urinary bladder Anatomical relationships. The relationship between the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the locations of the internal organs are shown here.  Membranes Membranes – Physical barriers – Line or cover portions of the body – Consist of: An epithelium Supported by connective tissue  Types of membranes Four Types of Membranes 1. Mucous membranes 2. Serous membranes 3. Cutaneous membrane 4. Synovial membranes  Membranes Mucous Membranes (Mucosae) Line passageways that have external connections In digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Epithelial surfaces must be moist To reduce friction To facilitate absorption and excretion Lamina propria Is areolar tissue Mucous Membranes Mucous secretion Epithelium Lamina propria (areolar tissue) Mucous membranes are coated with the secretions of mucous glands. These membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Mucous Membranes Mucous membranes Mucous membranes line body cavities that are open to the exterior. Mucosa of nasal cavity Mucosa of mouth Esophagus lining Mucosa of lung bronchi  Membranes Serous Membranes – Line cavities not open to the outside – Are thin but strong – Have fluid transudate to reduce friction – Have a parietal portion covering the cavity – Have a visceral portion (serosa) covering the organs  Membranes Three Serous Membranes 1. Pleura Lines pleural cavities Covers lungs 2. Peritoneum Lines peritoneal cavity Covers abdominal organs 3. Pericardium Lines pericardial cavity Covers heart  Membrane and cavity Serous Membranes Consist of two continuous layers separated by cavity Visceral layer — covers surface of organ Parietal layer — opposing outer layer that covers inner surface of body wall or chamber Cavity: Potential space between visceral and parietal layers  Membrane and cavity Pericardium: Surrounds heart § Visceral pericardium § Parietal pericardium Pleura : Surrounds each Lung § Visceral pleura § Parietal pleura  Membrane and cavity Peritoneum: Surrounds most of abdominopelvic cavity § Visceral peritoneum § Parietal peritoneum Retroperitoneal space § Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall § Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands and parts of the diges)ve tract  Membranes Cutaneous Membrane – Is skin, surface of the body – Thick, waterproof, and dry Synovial Membranes – Line moving, articulating joint cavities – Produce synovial fluid (lubricant) – Protect the ends of bones – Lack a true epithelium Cutaneous Membranes Epithelium Areolar tissue Dense irregular connective tissue The cutaneous membrane, or skin, covers the outer surface of the body. Cutaneous Membranes Cutaneous membrane The cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers the body surface. Cutaneous membrane (skin) Synovial Membranes Articular (hyaline) tissue Synovial fluid Capsule Capillary Adipocytes Areolar tissue Synovial Epithelium membrane Bone Synovial membranes line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint.  Thank You For Listening QUESTIONS Usman BALA, PhD 67