Human Body and Anatomical Terminologies

Human Body and Anatomical Terminologies

• The presentation details the approaches to studying human anatomy, including regional and systemic methods
• Students will learn the various systems and organs composing the human body
• An understanding of anatomical positions and planes is crucial
• Presentation includes an explanation of terms related to comparison and movement within the body
• Anatomy is the study of body structure, it can be either regional or systemic
• Physiology is the study of body functions
• Subdivisions of anatomy include: gross (macroscopic), regional, systemic, radiographic, endoscopic, histological (microscopic), and embryological (developmental) anatomy
• Regional anatomy focuses on a specific body part, examining the arrangement and relationship of various structures within that region like bones, muscles, nerves, vessels. Examples are the head, thorax, and upper limb
• Surface anatomy examines structures underneath the skin
• Systemic anatomy studies the body's organ systems working together to carry out complex functions such as the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and endocrine systems
• The following are examples of organ systems and their components: Integumentary (skin, hair, nails), Skeletal (bones, cartilage, joints), Muscular (muscles, tendons), Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves), Endocrine (glands), Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels), Lymphatic (lymph nodes, vessels), Respiratory (lungs, trachea), Digestive (stomach, intestines), Urinary (kidneys, bladder), Male Reproductive (testes, epididymis), and Female Reproductive (ovaries, uterus)
• Anatomical position is the standard reference for describing body locations (standing upright, feet together, palms facing forward)
• Other body positions include supine (lying on the back), prone (lying face down), right lateral recumbent, left lateral recumbent, and lithotomy (lying supine with hips and knees bent)
• Anatomical planes are hypothetical planes used to dissect or refer to structures within the body and include: coronal (frontal), sagittal, median sagittal, transverse (horizontal or axial)
• Directional terms describe the location of structures relative to each other (example: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep, internal, external)
• Body cavities are spaces within the body that protect and hold internal organs, including the ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities – including pericardial and pleural cavities, abdominal and pelvic cavities) and the dorsal body cavity (cranial and vertebral cavities).
• The Presentation includes terms of movement in the body like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, rotation, supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, eversion, inversion, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, opposition and reposition.
• Chemicals, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems and Organisms are part of the level of structural organization of the human body