Anatomy of the Thoracic Cage

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Which of the following is true about the location of the heart valves?

The heart valves are located in front of the body of the sternum.
The heart valves are located behind the body of the sternum. (correct)
The heart valves are located on top of the body of the sternum.
The heart valves are located below the body of the sternum.

What attaches the cusps of the heart valves to the papillary muscles?

Nerve fibers
Muscle fibers
Chordae tendineae (correct)
Blood vessels

Which nerves pass anterior to the lung root?

C3, 4, 5 nerves
Right and left coronary nerves
Right and left phrenic nerves (correct)
Right and left vagus nerves

Which of the following is NOT one of the learning objectives mentioned in the text?

Describe the anatomy of the heart (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the body is NOT mentioned as being related to the thorax?

Abdomen (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pleura is NOT true?

The parietal pleura is innervated by branches of costal nerves (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles are necessary for forced exhalation?

Abdominal wall muscles (A) Signup and view all the answers

Describe the passage of blood from the left ventricle into the anterior interventricular artery.

The blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta, then into the left coronary artery, and finally into the anterior interventricular artery. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

It provides support and protection to the heart. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the heart's fibrous skeleton?

To regulate the electrical conduction of the heart. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Diaphragm (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the thorax contains the heart?

Central mediastinum (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the action of the semilunar valves?

They close when the cuspid valves are open (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a relation of the superior mediastinum?

Heart chambers (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the coronary arteries?

They supply blood to the heart chambers (B) Signup and view all the answers

Q1. Which of the following muscles are necessary for forced exhalation?

Abdominal wall muscles (B) Signup and view all the answers

Q2. Which of the following describes the passage of blood from the left ventricle into the anterior interventricular artery?

Blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta, then into the anterior interventricular artery. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Q3. Which of the following is NOT one of the learning objectives mentioned in the text?

Recall the major veins draining into the heart and major arteries originating from the aorta. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the fibrous pericardium?

The purpose of the fibrous pericardium is to protect the heart and anchor it to surrounding structures. Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the thorax contains the heart?

The heart is located in the mediastinum, which is the central region of the thorax. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles are necessary for forced exhalation?

The muscles necessary for forced exhalation are the abdominal muscles and the internal intercostal muscles. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the functional anatomy of the pleura.

The pleura are two continuous serous sacs that line the lungs (visceral pleura) and the pulmonary cavities (parietal pleura). They are separated by a potential space that contains serous fluid. The parietal pleura is innervated by branches of costal nerves. The pleurae play a role in lubricating the lungs during respiration. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomy of the lungs.

The lungs are located in the pleural cavities, one on either side of the mediastinum. They are surrounded by the parietal pleura. The lungs have a root (hilum) through which structures such as the main bronchus, pulmonary blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter and exit. The lungs are responsible for respiration and gas exchange. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the functional anatomy of respiration.

Respiration involves the movement of the diaphragm, which changes the thoracic volume. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating negative pressure. This allows air to flow into the lungs, facilitating inspiration. When the diaphragm relaxes, it moves superiorly, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating positive pressure. This leads to expiration, expelling air from the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Q1. Briefly describe the structure and function of the pleura. (2 marks)

The pleura is a thin membrane that covers the lungs and lines the inside of the chest cavity. It consists of two layers: the visceral pleura, which is attached to the surface of the lung, and the parietal pleura, which lines the chest cavity. The pleura helps to create surface tension, which keeps the lung inflated, and aids in the movement of the lungs during breathing. Signup and view all the answers

Q2. Explain the movements involved in bucket handle and pump handle movements of the thoracic cage. (2 marks)

Bucket handle movements refer to the upward and outward movement of the ribs during inspiration, which increases the transverse diameter of the thoracic cage. Pump handle movements refer to the upward and forward movement of the sternum and upper ribs during inspiration, which increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cage. Signup and view all the answers

Q3. Describe the segmental supply of the thoracic region. (2 marks)

The segmental supply of the thoracic region refers to the blood supply to different segments or regions of the thorax. The thoracic region receives segmental arterial supply from branches of the thoracic aorta, including intercostal arteries, bronchial arteries, and esophageal arteries. The venous drainage is through corresponding segmental veins that drain into the azygos and hemiazygos veins. Signup and view all the answers

Q4. Explain the arterial supply and venous drainage of the heart. (2 marks)

The arterial supply of the heart is mainly through the coronary arteries, which arise from the aorta. The left coronary artery branches into the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery, while the right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and ventricle. The venous drainage of the heart is through the coronary sinus, which collects deoxygenated blood from coronary veins and empties into the right atrium. Signup and view all the answers