L11

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the deltoid ligament in the ankle?

Anchors the inferior surface of the tibia

Stabilizes the ankle during plantarflexion

Connects the tibia and fibula

Provides support during inversion movements (correct)

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the plantar fascia?

Achilles tendinitis

Plantar fasciitis (correct)

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Metatarsalgia

Which muscle is NOT primarily involved in dorsiflexion of the ankle joint?

Extensor digitorum longus

Tibialis anterior

Soleus (correct)

Gastrocnemius

What is a common symptom associated with plantar fasciitis?

Stabbing pain that decreases during the day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints permits inversion and eversion of the foot?

Talocalcaneal joint Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle in the first layer of the sole primarily acts to abduct the little toe?

Abductor digiti minimi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plantar aponeurosis?

Protect underlying structures Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the quadratus plantae muscle?

Lateral plantar nerve Signup and view all the answers

How many lumbrical muscles are present in the second layer of the sole?

4 Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is the larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery?

Lateral plantar artery Signup and view all the answers

What action do the dorsal interossei muscles perform on the toes?

Abduction of toes II to IV Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle in the third layer of the sole has a nerve supply from the medial plantar nerve?

Flexor hallucis brevis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of the quadratus plantae muscle?

Assists in plantar flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are the primary articulating bones of the ankle joint?

Tibia, fibula, talus Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the subtalar joint classified as?

Plane synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is NOT associated with the lateral side of the ankle?

Deltoid ligament Signup and view all the answers

What common activity is known to aggravate plantar fasciitis?

Long periods of standing Signup and view all the answers

What movement is primarily enabled by the tibialis anterior muscle?

Dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of the flexor digitorum brevis muscle?

Flexion of the lateral four toes Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is smaller and enters the sole along with the medial plantar nerve?

Medial plantar artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the plantar interossei muscles?

Adduction of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plantar arch?

Facilitating blood flow to the toes Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves supply the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle?

Lateral plantar nerve Signup and view all the answers

How many layers of muscles are present in the sole of the foot?

Four Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are included in the second layer of the sole of the foot?

Quadratus plantae and four lumbricals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the lumbrical muscles in the sole of the foot?

Flexion at the metatarsophalangeal joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sole of Foot

The sole of the foot is a thick layer of skin that offers protection.
It firmly adheres to the plantar aponeurosis.
The skin has creases.
The plantar aponeurosis is a thickened band of deep fascia.
Posteriorly, it's attached to the calcaneum.
Anteriorly, it has five slips that connect to the five toes.
It protects underlying nerves and vessels.
It maintains the longitudinal arches of the foot.

First Layer Muscles

Abductor hallucis: Innervated by the medial plantar nerve; action is abduction of the great toe.
Flexor digitorum brevis: Innervated by the medial plantar nerve; action is flexion of the lateral four toes.
Abductor digiti minimi: Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve; action is abduction of the little toe.

Second Layer Muscles and Tendons

Flexor hallucis longus (FHL): A tendon.
Flexor digitorum longus (FDL): Atendon.
Quadratus plantae: A muscle.
Four lumbricals: Muscles.
The quadratus plantae assists in plantar flexion, and is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.

Second Layer Lumbricals

Origin: Tendons of the FDL muscle.
Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of the lateral four toes.
Nerve Supply: 1st - medial plantar nerve; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th - lateral plantar nerve.
Action: Flexion at the MCP and extension at the IP joints.

Third Layer Muscles

Flexor hallucis brevis: Medial plantar nerve.
Adductor hallucis: Lateral plantar nerve.
Flexor digiti minimi brevis: Lateral plantar nerve.

Fourth Layer Muscles and Tendons

Two tendons: Tibialis posterior and Peroneous longus (fibularis longus).
Three plantar interossei muscles: Innervated by lateral plantar nerve; action: adduction of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes to the long axis passing through the second toe.
Four dorsal interossei muscles: Innervated by the lateral plantar nerve; action: abduction of the second to fourth toes at the metatarsophalangeal joint.

Arteries of the Sole

Medial plantar artery: A smaller terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery; enters the sole with the medial plantar nerve. Muscular and digital branches.
Lateral plantar artery: A larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery; enters the sole with the lateral plantar nerve. Muscular branches and the 5th plantar metatarsal artery.

Plantar Arch

The plantar arch runs from the fifth metatarsal to the first metatarsal.
Formed by the continuation of the lateral plantar artery and anastomoses between the deep branch of the dorsalis pedis artery.
Gives plantar metatarsal arteries.
Veins accompany the arteries of the sole. Medial and lateral plantar veins.

Plantar Fasciitis

Inflammation of the plantar fascia.
A common cause of heel pain.
Stabbing pain, common in the morning, eventually reduced throughout the day.
Long periods of standing intensify the pain.
Common in runners or professions involving prolonged standing (teachers, ballet dancers).
Obesity and stress on the fascia can contribute to inflammation.

Ankle Joint

Objectives

Classify the ankle joint.
Name the articulating bones in the ankle joint.
Identify the ligaments of the ankle joint.
Name the movements of the ankle joint.
Name the muscles that bring about the movements.

Articulating Bones

Inferior surface of the tibia.
Medial malleolus.
Lateral malleolus.
Superior surface of the talus.
Hinge variety of synovial joint.

Ligaments

Medial (deltoid): Ligament.
Laterally:
- Anterior talofibular ligament.
- Posterior talofibular ligament.
- Calcaneofibular ligament.

Deltoid Ligament Parts

Tibio-talar part.
Tibio-calcaneal part.
Tibio-navicular part.

Movements

Dorsiflexion: Tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus.
Plantarflexion:
Inversion:
Eversion:

Talocalcaneal/Subtalar Joint

Plane synovial joint.

Joints of the Foot

The ankle joint (tibia, fibula, and talus).
The subtalar joint.
The transverse tarsal joint.

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Description

This quiz covers the anatomy of the sole of the foot, including its protective features, layers, and the associated muscles. You'll learn about the different layers of muscles, their functions, and their nerve innervations. Test your knowledge on foot anatomy and the roles of various tendons and muscles.

L11

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