Anatomy of the SCALP

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Questions and Answers

What is the main source of the occipital artery?

Superficial temporal artery

Ophthalmic artery

Internal carotid artery

External carotid artery (correct)

Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation anterior to the auricle?

Lesser occipital nerve

Trigeminal nerve (correct)

Facial nerve

Greater occipital nerve

What is the main function of the muscles of the face?

To smile

To lift the eyebrows

To move the eyeballs

To move the facial skin to express mood (correct)

Where do the lymphatics of the scalp mainly drain into?

Deep cervical lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the nerve that supplies sensory innervation posterior to the auricle?

Greater occipital nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of superficial fascia in the face?

Thicker in certain regions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the aponeurosis in the scalp?

To attach muscles forming the epicranius Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the scalp has a spongy structure and contains emissary veins?

Loose areolar tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the collective term for the first three layers of the scalp?

Scalp proper Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue forms the pericranium?

Dense connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the skin layer of the scalp?

It is rich in arteries, veins, and lymph vessels Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during head injuries or surgical opening of the cranium?

The first three layers of the scalp are separated as a whole Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the skin of the forehead and anterior part of the scalp?

Supratrochlear nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the maxillary nerve passes through the foramen rotundum and enters the pterygopalatine fossa?

Maxillary nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve communicates with the pterygopalatine ganglion and supplies parts of the nose, palate, tonsil, and gingiva?

Pterygopalatine nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the motor fibers in the mandibular nerve?

To innervate the related muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the mandibular nerve passes through the spinous foramen and enters the cranium?

Spinous nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of parasympathetic fibers that join the nerve that innervates the parotid gland?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation to the cheek and temple?

Zygomatic nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Lingual nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the skin on the middle part of the forehead?

Supraorbital nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the terminal branch of the inferior alveolar nerve?

Mental nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the posterior superior alveolar nerve, middle superior alveolar nerve, and anterior superior alveolar nerve?

To supply the maxillary sinus, teeth of the upper jaw, and gingiva Signup and view all the answers

Which artery branches into the superficial temporal artery and the facial artery?

External carotid artery Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation to the external acoustic meatus, temporomandibular joint, auricle, and temporal region?

Auriculotemporal nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the final destination of the lymphatics from the face?

Deep cervical lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is the sole sensory nerve that leaves the skull through the foramen rotundum?

Maxillary nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the union of the maxillary vein and the superficial temporal vein?

Retromandibular vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the path of the facial nerve as it enters the temporal bone?

Through the internal acoustic meatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the greater petrosal nerve?

To carry presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion Signup and view all the answers

What is the nerve that innervates the stapedius muscle?

Nerve to stapedius muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the chorda tympani?

To carry presynaptic sympathetic axons going to the submandibular ganglion Signup and view all the answers

What is the branch of the facial nerve that supplies the motor innervation of the rudimented muscles of the auricle?

Posterior auricular nerve Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?

To supply the sensory innervation of the face and motor innervation of the muscles of mastication Signup and view all the answers

Where does the ophthalmic nerve enter?

The orbit through the superior orbital fissure Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main branches of the ophthalmic nerve?

Frontal, lacrimal, and nasociliary nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the supraorbital nerve?

To supply the sensory innervation of the frontal sinus and upper eyelid Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

SCALP

The scalp is the skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue covering the calvaria between superior nuchal lines and supraorbital margins.
It is formed of five layers: skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium.
The skin is hairy and thick, containing sweat and sebaceous glands, and is rich in arteries, veins, and lymph vessels.
The connective tissue is thick and dense, containing sensory nerves and having a rich vascular supply.
The aponeurosis is a dense tendinous structure that muscles forming the epicranius muscle attach to.

Layers of the SCALP

The first three layers of the scalp (skin, connective tissue, and aponeurosis) are firmly attached together and are collectively referred to as the scalp proper.
The loose areolar tissue layer has a spongy structure, contains few arteries and emissary veins, and extends between the superficial veins of the scalp and the diploic veins of the skull bones.
The pericranium layer is the periosteum of the skull bones, formed of dense connective tissue, and supplies the skin of the forehead and anterior part of the scalp.

Nerves of the SCALP

The supratrochlear nerve supplies the skin on the middle part of the forehead.
The trigeminal nerve (CN V) supplies a small area of skin lateral to the upper eyelid, also related to part of the conjunctiva.
The trigeminal nerve (CN V) has three main branches: ophthalmic nerve (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), and mandibular nerve (V3).
The maxillary nerve (V2) passes through the foramen rotundum and enters the pterygopalatine fossa, and its branches supply the maxillary sinus, teeth of the upper jaw, and gingiva.

Arteries and Veins of the SCALP

Arteries of the scalp are branches from the external carotid artery and ophthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid).
Veins of the scalp follow the arteries and drain into the occipital vein, posterior auricular vein, superficial temporal vein, supratrochlear vein, and supraorbital vein.

Lymphatics of the SCALP

Lymphatics drain into the submental, submandibular, parotid, mastoid, retroauricular, and occipital lymph nodes.
These lymph nodes mainly drain into the deep cervical lymph nodes.

FACE

The face has no deep fascia, but the superficial fascia is thicker in certain regions.
Muscles of the face lie in the subcutaneous tissue, extend from bone or facia to skin, and enable us to express our mood.

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

The facial nerve leaves the CNS and enters the temporal bone through the internal acoustic meatus.
It follows an "S" shaped route inside the temporal bone and leaves the skull through the stylomastoid foramen.
The facial nerve has five terminal branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical.

Branching of the Facial Nerve

The greater petrosal nerve arises at the beginning of the facial canal and carries presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion.
The nerve to the stapedius muscle and the chorda tympani branch within the facial canal.
The posterior auricular nerve and motor branch innervate the stylohyoid muscle and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

The trigeminal nerve has three main branches: ophthalmic nerve (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), and mandibular nerve (V3).
The ophthalmic nerve (V1) is a sole sensory nerve that enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and supplies branches to the eyeball and superior part of the nasal cavity.
The maxillary nerve (V2) is a sensory nerve that passes through the foramen rotundum and enters the pterygopalatine fossa.
The mandibular nerve (V3) is a sensory and motor nerve that leaves the skull through the foramen ovale and enters the infratemporal fossa.

Arteries and Veins of the FACE

The facial artery and superficial temporal artery are branches of the external carotid artery.
The maxillary vein and superficial temporal vein unite to form the retromandibular vein.
The retromandibular vein gives two branches, which unite with the posterior auricular vein and the facial vein, and drains into the internal jugular vein.

Lymphatic Drainage of the FACE

All of the lymphatics finally drain into the deep cervical lymph nodes.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the SCALP, its layers and components. Learn about the skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium that make up this complex region. Identify the key features and functions of each layer.