Questions and Answers
What vein unites with the maxillary vein to form the retromandibular vein?
Which part of the scalp drains into the pre-auricular or parotid lymph nodes?
What determines the basic shape of the face?
Where does the occipital vein end?
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What is a characteristic of the muscles of facial expression?
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What is the function of the face in human communication?
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Which of the following veins is not a part of the venous drainage of the scalp?
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What type of glands are found in the skin of the face?
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Which group of muscles surrounds the openings of the face?
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Where is the deep fascia present in the face?
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Study Notes
The Scalp
- The scalp is the soft tissues covering the cranial vault, extending from the supraorbital margins anteriorly to the highest nuchal lines posteriorly and laterally to the zygomatic arch.
- The layers of the scalp include:
- Skin: thick, contains numerous hair follicles and sebaceous glands, and is a common site for sebaceous cysts
- Connective tissue: dense, richly vascularized and innervated, and connects the skin to the epicranial aponeurosis
- Epicranial aponeurosis: a tendinous sheet that connects anteriorly to the frontal bellies and posteriorly to the occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle
- Loose areolar connective tissue: a thin layer that separates the periosteum of the skull from the epicranial aponeurosis
- Periosteum: the outer layer of the skull bones, loosely attached to the bones but firmly adherent to the sutures between bones
Muscles of the Scalp
- The occipitofrontalis muscle has two larger and fused frontal bellies anteriorly, two separate occipital bellies posteriorly, and an epicranial aponeurosis connecting the frontal and occipital bellies together.
- The muscle's origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action are:
- Occipital belly: highest nuchal line of occipital bone, post-border of epicranial aponeurosis, posterior auricular branch of facial nerve, pulls the scalp back
- Frontal belly: ant-border of epicranial aponeurosis, skin of the eye brows, temporal branch of facial nerve, elevates the eyebrows and produces wrinkles in the skin of the forehead
Nerve Supply of the Scalp
- The nerve supply of the scalp is from two major sources: cranial nerves or cervical nerves, depending on whether it is anterior or posterior to the ears and the vertex of the head.
- The pre-auricular region is supplied by the facial nerve, while the post-auricular region is supplied by the cervical nerves.
Arterial Supply of the Scalp
- The scalp has a rich blood supply driven from branches of either the external carotid artery or the ophthalmic artery, which is a branch of internal carotid artery.
- The branches of the external carotid artery that supply the scalp include:
- Supratrochlear artery
- Supraorbital artery
- Superficial temporal artery
- Posterior auricular artery
- Occipital artery
Venous Drainage of the Scalp
- The venous drainage of the scalp accompanies the corresponding arteries.
- The veins of the scalp include:
- Supra-trochlear vein
- Supra-orbital vein
- Superficial temporal vein
- Posterior auricular vein
- Occipital vein
Lymphatic Drainage of the Scalp
- The anterior part of the scalp drains into the pre-auricular or parotid lymph nodes.
- The posterior part of the scalp drains into the posterior auricular or mastoid and occipital lymph nodes.
The Face
- The face is the part of the front of the head between the ears and from the chin to the hairline.
- The basic shape of the face is determined by the underlying bones.
- The face plays an important role in communication.
Skin of the Face
- The skin of the face is elastic and very vascular.
- It has numerous sweat and sebaceous glands.
- It varies in thickness, being very thin on the eyelids.
Muscles of the Face
- The muscles of the face are muscles of facial expression.
- They have general characteristics:
- They lie in the superficial fascia.
- They have a bony origin.
- They are inserted into the skin without tendons.
- They arrange themselves around the opening of the face as two groups: sphincter group and dilator group.
- They intermingle with each other.
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Description
This quiz covers the layers of the scalp, blood and nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, skin and muscles of the face, and their innervations. It's designed for BDS students at Amoud University.
