Anatomy of the Respiratory System

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the respiratory system in terms of gas exchange?

  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To provide oxygen to the tissues and eliminate carbon dioxide (correct)
  • To remove oxygen from the blood
  • To produce sound and speech

What type of tissue lines the body surfaces in the respiratory system?

  • Nervous tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Epithelium (correct)

What is the function of the respiratory system in terms of acid-base regulation?

  • To produce hormones
  • To regulate blood sugar levels
  • To regulate blood pH by controlling carbon dioxide (correct)
  • To control body temperature

What is the term for the movement of air from the external environment into the alveoli?

<p>Inspiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the glands and goblet cells in the upper respiratory tract?

<p>To defend against microbes and foreign matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the histological structure of the epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract?

<p>Pseudostratified columnar ciliated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory system in terms of metabolism?

<p>To remove noradrenaline, prostaglandins, and 5-HT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the arrangement of inter-related elements in the respiratory system?

<p>Structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory system in terms of temperature regulation?

<p>To regulate body temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment?

<p>Expiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasal mucosa?

<p>To filter, humidify, and adjust the temperature of inspired air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the turbinate bones in the nasal cavity?

<p>To increase the surface area of the nasal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavity?

<p>Pharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?

<p>Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mucous layer in the nasal mucosa?

<p>To propel mucus to the pharynx for digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ring of lymphoid tissue found in the nasopharynx?

<p>Waldeyer ring of lymphoid tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the cartilage found in the trachea?

<p>In C-shaped rings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth muscle in the trachea?

<p>To join the C-shaped cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the region of the respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs?

<p>Respiratory zone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the larynx?

<p>To prevent food from entering the trachea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mucosa in the trachea?

<p>To produce mucus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscle that joins the free ends of the posterior rings in the trachea?

<p>Trachealis muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea?

<p>To provide flexible support to the airway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the basement membrane in the trachea?

<p>To separate the epithelium from the lamina propria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings are present in the trachea?

<p>16-20 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the layer of connective tissue in the trachea that contains blood vessels and elastic fibers?

<p>Submucosa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the goblet cells in the trachea?

<p>To produce mucus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the passageway that connects the larynx to the midline of the thorax?

<p>Trachea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is adjacent to the trachea?

<p>Connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia in the respiratory epithelium?

<p>To carry particles toward the pharynx to be swallowed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the primary bronchus differ from that of the trachea?

<p>It has a shorter and wider diameter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the cartilage in the primary bronchus?

<p>It is in the form of flattened interconnected plates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of fibers is more prominent in the lamina propria of the primary bronchus?

<p>Elastin fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?

<p>To secrete mucus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the right primary bronchus?

<p>It is shorter and wider than the left primary bronchus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'escalator-like' mechanism that clears particles from the airway?

<p>Mucociliary escalator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of glands are found in the submucosa of the primary bronchus?

<p>Seromucous glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the layer of tissue that separates the lamina propria from the submucosa in the primary bronchus?

<p>Smooth muscle layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasal mucosa?

<p>Filtering, humidifying and adjusting temperature of inspired air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the turbinate bones in the nasal cavity?

<p>To increase the surface area that air flows over</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavity?

<p>Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cilia in the respiratory epithelium?

<p>To propel the mucous layer to the pharynx for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth muscle in the trachea?

<p>To join the C-shaped cartilage rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system in terms of gas exchange?

<p>Provide oxygen: air → lungs → blood → tissues -Eliminate carbon dioxide: tissues → blood → lungs → air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the respiratory system that relate to its function?

<p>Epithelium, Connective tissue, Muscle, and Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the region of the respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs?

<p>Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the respiratory system regulate acid-base balance?

<p>By controlling carbon dioxide, which regulates blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?

<p>To secrete mucin, which traps debris and particles in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of air from the external environment into the alveoli?

<p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the respiratory system in metabolism?

<p>Removal of noradrenaline, prostaglandins, 5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mucous layer in the nasal mucosa?

<p>To trap small particles and debris in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main phases of respiration?

<p>Inspiration and expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the glands and goblet cells in the upper respiratory tract?

<p>To produce mucus and other substances to condition the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of inter-related elements in the respiratory system called?

<p>Structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the respiratory system in immune protection?

<p>To defend against microbes, toxic chemicals, and foreign matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory system in terms of sound production?

<p>To produce sound and speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory system in terms of olfactory sensation?

<p>To facilitate the sense of smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the larynx in relation to air movement?

<p>To maintain an open passageway for air movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is present in the larynx and trachea?

<p>Pseudostratified, ciliated (or respiratory epithelium)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trachea in terms of air conditioning?

<p>To warm, clean, and conduct air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the mucosa layer in the trachea?

<p>Respiratory epithelium, goblet cells, serous cells, basal cells, and basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea?

<p>To provide flexible support to the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the branching pattern of airways in the lower respiratory tract?

<p>Dichotomous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth muscle in the trachea?

<p>To reduce the diameter of the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the epithelial cells in the respiratory tract?

<p>To produce mucus and facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of gas exchange in the respiratory tract?

<p>Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the trachealis muscle in the trachea?

<p>To regulate the diameter of the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cilia in the respiratory epithelium, and how do they contribute to the 'mucociliary escalator'?

<p>The primary function of the cilia in the respiratory epithelium is to move particles towards the pharynx to be swallowed, contributing to the 'mucociliary escalator' mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main differences between the trachea and the primary bronchus in terms of their structure and composition?

<p>The primary bronchus has a shorter, wider, and more vertical structure compared to the trachea, with fewer goblet cells, more elastin fibers in the lamina propria, and smooth muscle in the submucosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the adventitia in the trachea, and what type of tissue is it composed of?

<p>The adventitia is a layer of connective tissue that provides support and attachment to adjacent structures, and is composed of connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth muscle in the submucosa of the primary bronchus?

<p>The smooth muscle in the submucosa of the primary bronchus helps to regulate the diameter of the airway, allowing for changes in air flow and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the cartilage in the primary bronchus differ from that in the trachea?

<p>The cartilage in the primary bronchus is in flattened, interconnected plates, whereas in the trachea it is in distinct C-shaped rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the elastin fibers in the lamina propria of the primary bronchus?

<p>The elastin fibers in the lamina propria of the primary bronchus provide elasticity and flexibility to the airway, allowing it to expand and recoil during breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the shorter, wider, and more vertical structure of the right primary bronchus?

<p>The shorter, wider, and more vertical structure of the right primary bronchus allows for more efficient air flow and easier aspiration of particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lamina propria in the primary bronchus, and how does it differ from the submucosa?

<p>The lamina propria is a layer of loose connective tissue that provides support and structure to the epithelial cells, and differs from the submucosa in its composition and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the respiratory epithelium in the primary bronchus differ from that in the trachea?

<p>The respiratory epithelium in the primary bronchus is less tall and has fewer goblet cells compared to the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'mucociliary escalator' mechanism in the respiratory tract?

<p>The 'mucociliary escalator' mechanism is a critical defense mechanism that helps to remove particles and debris from the airway, protecting the respiratory tract from infection and damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the abundance of goblet cells decrease in the respiratory tract?

<p>Bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of smooth muscle in the trachea?

<p>Surrounds C-shaped cartilage rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasal mucosa?

<p>Filtering, humidifying, and warming inspired air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'escalator-like' mechanism that clears particles from the airway?

<p>Muco-ciliary escalator</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the turbinate bones in the nasal cavity?

<p>Increase the surface area for air to flow over</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pharynx?

<p>Passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of glands are found in the submucosa of the primary bronchus?

<p>Seromucous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the elastic tissue in the bronchi and bronchioles?

<p>Allows for expansion and contraction during breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the region of the respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs?

<p>Respiratory zone (Respiratory bronchioles to Alveoli)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nasal septum?

<p>Separates the two nasal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the larynx in relation to air movement and swallowed materials?

<p>Maintains open passageway for air movement and prevents swallowed materials from entering the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the trachea?

<p>Mucosa, submucosa, and C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the change from stratified squamous to pseudostratified, ciliated epithelium in the larynx?

<p>It allows for sound production and prevents swallowed materials from entering the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory epithelium in the trachea?

<p>It produces mucus and moves it out of the airway through cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the serous cells in the trachea?

<p>They produce a watery secretion that helps to thin out mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the dichotomous airways in the lower respiratory tract?

<p>To increase the surface area for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the basal cells in the trachea?

<p>They lie close to the basement membrane and provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the highly vascular connective tissue in the lamina propria of the trachea?

<p>It allows for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the smooth muscle in the trachea?

<p>It contracts to reduce the diameter of the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the brush cells in the trachea?

<p>They are involved in the detection of irritants and regulation of the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the gas exchange region in the respiratory system?

<p>To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the epithelium in the respiratory system?

<p>To line the respiratory tract and facilitate the exchange of gases, filter air, and produce mucus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the conducting system in the respiratory system?

<p>Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth muscle in the respiratory system?

<p>To regulate airway diameter and resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the arrangement of inter-related elements in the respiratory system?

<p>Structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system in terms of hormonal activity?

<p>To produce angiotensin II from angiotensin I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory system in terms of immune protection?

<p>To defend against microbes, toxic chemicals, and foreign matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment?

<p>Expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the connective tissue in the respiratory system?

<p>To provide support and structure to the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nervous tissue in the respiratory system?

<p>To receive stimuli from internal and external environments and integrate signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cilia in the respiratory epithelium, and how do they contribute to the cleansing of the airway?

<p>The cilia in the respiratory epithelium move in a coordinated manner to push mucus and debris towards the pharynx, thereby contributing to the cleansing of the airway through the 'mucociliary escalator' mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main differences between the histological structure of the primary bronchus and the trachea?

<p>The primary bronchus has a shorter and wider structure, with fewer goblet cells, less tall epithelial cells, and a lamina propria with more elastin fibers and smooth muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the submucosa in the primary bronchus, and how does it differ from the lamina propria?

<p>The submucosa is a layer of loose connective tissue that contains seromucinous glands and separates the lamina propria from the cartilage, whereas the lamina propria is a layer of loose connective tissue that is rich in elastin fibers and smooth muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the adventitia in the trachea, and how does it relate to adjacent structures?

<p>The adventitia is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds the trachea and attaches to adjacent structures, such as the esophagus and blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the cartilage in the primary bronchus differ from that in the trachea?

<p>The cartilage in the primary bronchus is in flattened, interconnected plates, whereas the cartilage in the trachea is in distinct, C-shaped rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the smooth muscle in the primary bronchus, and how does it relate to airway diameter?

<p>The smooth muscle in the primary bronchus allows for contraction and relaxation, which can increase or decrease airway diameter, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the respiratory epithelium in the primary bronchus contribute to the clearance of particles from the airway?

<p>The respiratory epithelium in the primary bronchus produces mucus and has cilia that move in a coordinated manner to push mucus and debris towards the pharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the right primary bronchus being shorter, wider, and more vertical?

<p>The shorter, wider, and more vertical structure of the right primary bronchus allows for easier access to the right lung and more efficient air flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the respiratory epithelium in the primary bronchus differ from that in the trachea?

<p>The respiratory epithelium in the primary bronchus is less tall and has fewer goblet cells than the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'mucociliary escalator' mechanism in the respiratory system?

<p>The 'mucociliary escalator' mechanism is a crucial defense against infection and disease, as it removes particles and pathogens from the airway and prevents them from entering the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the respiratory system in terms of gas exchange?

<p>To provide oxygen to the body and eliminate carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the epithelial cells change as you move down the respiratory tract?

<p>Initially, the epithelial cells are pseudostratified columnar ciliated, then cuboidal, and finally squamous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the respiratory system in terms of temperature regulation?

<p>The respiratory system helps to regulate body temperature by warming, filtering, and humidifying the air we breathe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between inspiration and expiration in the respiratory system?

<p>Inspiration is the movement of air from the external environment into the alveoli, while expiration is the movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nervous tissue in the respiratory system?

<p>Nervous tissue receives stimuli from internal and external environments and integrates signals to regulate breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the structure and function of the respiratory system?

<p>The structure of the respiratory system is closely related to its function, with each component designed to perform specific functions such as airflow, gas exchange, and immune protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the laryngeal cartilages in the larynx?

<p>to maintain an open passageway for air movement and to prevent swallowed materials from entering the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the pseudostratified, ciliated epithelium in the trachea?

<p>it helps to clean the airway by trapping particles and moving them upwards towards the throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the submucosa in the trachea?

<p>to provide a layer of mixed seromucous glands and highly vascular connective tissue that supports the mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the dichotomous airways in the lower respiratory tract?

<p>to increase the surface area for gas exchange at the level of the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the goblet cells in the trachea?

<p>to produce mucin, which helps to trap particles and clean the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the change from stratified squamous to pseudostratified, ciliated epithelium in the larynx?

<p>it indicates a transition from a non-respiratory to a respiratory epithelium, which is specialized for gas exchange and mucociliary clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses in the upper respiratory tract?

<p>Filtering, humidifying and adjusting the temperature of inspired air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the turbinate bones in the nasal cavity?

<p>Increasing the surface area for airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the nasal mucosa, and what is its function?

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium, which traps small particles and propels mucus towards the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pharynx in the respiratory system?

<p>Serving as a passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the elastic tissue in the bronchi and bronchioles?

<p>Providing elasticity and facilitating airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system, and what is its function?

<p>The conducting zone includes the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles, and its function is to bring air into the lungs and warm, moisten, and clean the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the respiratory epithelium in the trachea and the primary bronchus?

<p>The respiratory epithelium in the trachea is taller with more goblet cells, whereas in the primary bronchus, it is less tall with fewer goblet cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cartilage in the primary bronchus differ from that in the trachea?

<p>The cartilage in the primary bronchus is in flattened, interconnected plates, whereas in the trachea, it is in distinct C-shaped rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the submucosa in the primary bronchus?

<p>The submucosa in the primary bronchus has less seromucinous glands and is separated from the lamina propria by smooth muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the 'mucociliary escalator' in the respiratory tract?

<p>The 'mucociliary escalator' carries particles toward the pharynx, where they are swallowed and removed from the airway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the adventitia in the trachea?

<p>The adventitia is a layer of connective tissue that connects the trachea to adjacent structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the right and left primary bronchi?

<p>The right primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left primary bronchus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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