Anatomy of Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the space where air enters the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils?

  • Vestibule (correct)
  • Olfactory receptors
  • Nasal conchae
  • Meatus

    • What is the function of the olfactory receptors in the region around the superior conchae and upper septum?

  • To sense the smell (correct)
  • To propel the mucus
  • To warm the air
  • To filter out dust particles

    • What is the shape of the external nose?

  • Pyramidal (correct)
  • Triangular
  • Rectangular
  • Circular

    • What is the function of the cilia in the nasal cavity?

    <p>To propel the mucus towards the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the subdivisions of the nasal cavities beyond the vestibule?

    <p>Meatuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity?

    <p>To warm the air and trap dust particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the naris in the external nose?

    <p>Downwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the upper angle of the nose?

    <p>Between the orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical shape of the trachea in transverse section?

    <p>D-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do inhaled foreign bodies tend to lodge more frequently on the right side than on the left?

    <p>The right main bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many secondary (lobar) bronchi are there on the right side?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of bronchioles?

    <p>Less than 1 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Respiratory Zone?

    <p>To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the smallest air-exchanging units in the Respiratory Zone?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bronchi that lead to alveolar ducts?

    <p>Respiratory bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the point where the trachea bifurcates?

    <p>Carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the larynx in relation to the respiratory tract?

    <p>A hollow musculoligamentous structure that caps the lower respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the larynx located in adults?

    <p>Opposite the third to sixth cervical vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the larynx and the trachea?

    <p>The larynx continues into the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in the angle between the two laminae in men and women?

    <p>The angle is more acute in men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the recurrent laryngeal nerves?

    <p>Innervation of the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Valsalva's maneuver?

    <p>To demonstrate the sphincter function of the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the trachea?

    <p>10-11 cm long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the trachea in relation to the vertebrae?

    <p>From the level of the sixth cervical vertebra to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the pharynx?

    <p>A cone-shaped tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of the cervical vertebra where the pharynx becomes continuous with the esophagus?

    <p>Sixth cervical vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones do not contribute to the skeletal framework of the nasal cavities?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the plexus located in the anterior ethmoid, superior labial artery, and sphenopalatine artery?

    <p>Kesselbach's Plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pharyngeal cavity?

    <p>A common pathway for air and food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the tubes that open into the lateral walls of the nasopharynx?

    <p>Pharyngotympanic tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

    <p>Underneath the nasopharynx and behind the oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space that separates the pharynx from the vertebral column?

    <p>Retropharyngeal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of surfactant produced by type II cells?

    <p>To reduce breathing effort by decreasing surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location of the incision made during a tracheostomy?

    <p>Through the skin of the neck and anterior wall of the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for performing a tracheostomy?

    <p>To relieve upper airway obstruction or respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical color of the lungs at birth?

    <p>Pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the weight of the lungs?

    <p>The weight of the lungs varies greatly depending on the amount of blood or serous fluid contained within them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in lung weight between men and women in proportion to body stature?

    <p>The lungs are heavier in men than in women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Organization

    • The respiratory system is divided into the upper and lower respiratory tracts
    • The upper respiratory tract and the uppermost section of the lower respiratory tract form the conduction region, in which air is conducted through a series of tubes and vessels
    • The respiratory region is the functional part of the lungs, in which oxygen diffuses into the blood

    Upper Respiratory Tract

    • The upper respiratory tract includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
    • Air enters the body via the nasal and oral cavities
    • The nasal cavity is divided into two equal sections by the nasal septum
    • The vestibule is lined with coarse hairs that filter incoming air, ensuring that large dust particles do not enter the airways
    • The conchae are lined with a mucous membrane that contains a network of capillaries and mucus-secreting cells
    • The blood flowing through the capillaries warms the passing air while the mucus moistens it and traps any passing dust particles

    External Nose

    • The external nose extends the nasal cavities onto the front of the face and positions the nares so that they point downwards
    • It is pyramidal in shape with its apex anterior in position
    • The upper angle of the nose between the openings of the orbits is continuous with the forehead

    Skeletal Framework

    • Bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nasal cavities include:
      • Unpaired ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bone, and vomer
      • Paired nasal, maxillary, palatine, and lacrimal bones, and inferior conchae

    Floor of the Nasal Cavity

    • The floor of each nasal cavity is smooth, concave, and much wider than the roof
    • It consists of soft tissues of the external nose, the upper surface of the palatine process of the maxilla, and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone, which together form the hard palate

    Pharynx

    • The pharynx is a 12-14 cm long, musculomembranous tube shaped like an inverted cone
    • It extends from the cranial base to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus
    • The pharyngeal cavity is a common pathway for air and food
    • The pharynx is separated from the vertebral column behind by a thin retropharyngeal space containing loose connective tissue

    Larynx

    • The larynx is an air passage, a sphincter, and an organ of phonation
    • It is a hollow musculoligamentous structure with a cartilaginous framework that caps the lower respiratory tract
    • It extends from the tongue to the trachea
    • It projects ventrally between the great vessels of the neck
    • It opens into the laryngopharynx and forms its anterior wall while continuing into the trachea

    Trachea

    • The trachea is a tube, 10-11 cm long, formed of cartilage and fibromuscular membrane
    • It descends from the larynx and extends from the level of the sixth cervical vertebra to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra
    • It lies approximately in the sagittal plane but its point of bifurcation is usually a little to the right
    • The trachea is flexible and can rapidly alter in length
    • It is flattened posteriorly, so that in transverse section it is shaped like a letter D

    Bronchi

    • The right main bronchus is wider and takes a more vertical course through the root and hilum than the left main bronchus
    • Therefore, inhaled foreign bodies tend to lodge more frequently on the right side than on the left
    • Secondary (lobar) bronchi: three on the right and two on the left
    • Tertiary (segmental) bronchi: branch into each lung segment
    • Bronchioles: little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter
    • Terminal bronchioles: less than 0.5 mm in diameter

    Respiratory Zone

    • Consists of air-exchanging structures
    • Respiratory bronchioles: branch from terminal bronchioles and lead to alveolar ducts
    • Alveoli consist of type I cells and basal laminae
    • Cuboidal epithelial cells (type II cells) secrete surfactant, a lipid-protein complex that reduces surface tension and minimizes breathing effort

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    Description

    Learn about the organization of the respiratory system, including the upper and lower respiratory tract, conduction region, and respiratory region. This quiz is designed for first-year pharmacy students at the University of Al-Ameed.

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