Anatomy of the Rectum and Anal Canal

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What is the pelvic referred pain line related to?

Visceral sensory innervation (correct)

Sympathetic innervation

Somatic innervation

Autonomic innervation

How can the pelvic organs experience referred pain?

Through autonomic innervation

Via somatic innervation

By receiving input from peripheral nerves

Due to shared pathways with other structures (correct)

Which anatomical component surrounds the pelvis at least partially?

Pelvic skeleton

Perineum

Pelvic girdle (correct)

Pelvic cavity

What is the pelvic girdle composed of?

Muscles, ligaments, and bones Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body is the pelvis inferior to?

Abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of lectures and labs on pelvis and perineum in terms of anatomy presentation?

To provide a foundation for gender-affirming care Signup and view all the answers

How are 'male' and 'female' anatomy defined in the context of the lectures?

'Male' refers to XY genotypes, 'female' refers to XX genotypes Signup and view all the answers

'Gender-affirming changes done intraoperatively' are related to which surgical procedure?

Gender reassignment surgery Signup and view all the answers

'PELVIS Obturator internus m.' suggests the mention of which anatomical structure?

'Obturator internus' muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the internal anal sphincter?

Assisting in fecal continence Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the internal anal sphincter?

Sympathetic nerve Signup and view all the answers

What effect does distension of the rectal ampulla have on the internal anal sphincter tone?

Relaxes the tone Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament holds the ovaries in place?

Suspensory ligament of ovary Signup and view all the answers

Where do most ectopic pregnancies usually occur within the uterine tube?

Ampulla Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the external anal sphincter?

Pudendal nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical term for the ligament that connects the ovary to the pelvic wall?

Suspensory ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type makes up the external anal sphincter?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What typically opens into the peritoneal cavity?

Infundibulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the rectum?

12 cm Signup and view all the answers

Where does the rectum begin?

At the rectosigmoid junction (S3 vertebral level) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the puborectalis muscle?

To contract and increase the anorectal flexure at rest Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in nerve supply between the upper and lower parts of the anal canal?

The upper part has visceral afferents and the lower part has somatic afferents Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the external anal sphincter?

To be composed of skeletal muscle and maintain voluntary control of the anus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the internal anal sphincter?

To be composed of smooth muscle and maintain involuntary control of the anus Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pectinate (dentate) line in the anal canal?

To divide the upper and lower parts of the anal canal Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the anal columns in the anal canal?

To be ridges in the upper anal canal Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in blood supply between the upper and lower parts of the anal canal?

The text does not provide any information about the blood supply of the anal canal Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the internal anal sphincter at rest?

Prevents outflow of blood from sub-mucosal hemorrhoidal plexus Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the mucosa over the anal cushions during defecation?

Unsticks and helps open the anal canal Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of external hemorrhoids?

Pain due to somatic afferents Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical color of rectal bleeding in individuals with internal hemorrhoids?

Bright red Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of rectal varices in patients with cirrhosis?

Reversal of blood flow between middle & superior rectal veins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hemorrhoids are characterized by visceral rather than somatic afferents?

Internal hemorrhoids Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates pathological internal hemorrhoids from normal submucosal varicosities?

Enlarged varicosities with symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What causes perianal itching and irritation in individuals with internal hemorrhoids?

'Deposition of irritants on perianal skin' Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the transport of sperm from the epididymis?

Vas deferens Signup and view all the answers

In which location is the posterior vaginal fornix found?

Superior end of the vagina, surrounding the cervix Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cardinal ligament?

Provides passive support for the uterus and vagina Signup and view all the answers

Where is the primary location of prostate cancer?

Posterior lobe, near the rectum Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the transport of sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?