Anatomy of the Parotid Gland
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the autonomic innervation of the parotid gland?

  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Modulation of facial expressions
  • Control of saliva production rate (correct)

    • Which nerve carries parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland?

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Lesser petrosal nerve
  • Great auricular nerve
  • Auriculotemporal nerve (correct)

    • What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on saliva secretion?

  • No effect on saliva production
  • Decreased saliva production (correct)
  • Increased saliva production
  • Variable effect on saliva production

    • Which of the following structures is not drained by the deep set of lymph nodes?

    <p>Submandibular gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas is NOT drained by the superficial set of lymph nodes of the parotid gland?

    <p>Tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the sympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?

    <p>Superior cervical ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the buccal fat pad?

    <p>Implicated in the formation of hollow cheeks and the nasolabial fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is NOT a branch of the external carotid artery?

    <p>Facial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes is the buccal fat pad divided into?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the retromandibular vein?

    <p>Drainage of the parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the parotid duct?

    <p>The anterior lobe of the buccal fat pad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the lymphatic drainage of the parotid gland compared to other salivary glands?

    <p>It has lymph nodes within the glandular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lies between the anterior and posterior lobes of the buccal fat pad?

    <p>The intermediate lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the intermediate lobe of the buccal fat pad between childhood and adulthood?

    <p>It decreases in volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the buccal fat pad and the jowl fat pads?

    <p>Location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sublevator extension of the buccal fat pad?

    <p>Not specified in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parotid gland's secretions in the oral cavity?

    <p>To lubricate and break down food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical boundary superior to the parotid region?

    <p>Zygomatic arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure passes through the parotid gland and is responsible for innervating the muscles of facial expression?

    <p>Facial nerve (CN VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Stensen duct pierce to enter the oral cavity?

    <p>Buccinator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the artery that arises from the external carotid artery within the parotid gland?

    <p>Posterior auricular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vein formed by the convergence of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins within the parotid gland?

    <p>Retromandibular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the small papilla where the Stensen duct enters the oral cavity?

    <p>Opposite the upper second molar tooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphology of the parotid gland?

    <p>Lobular and irregular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the buccal fat pad in relation to chewing and suckling?

    <p>To facilitate the action of the muscles of mastication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of a salivary gland tumour?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the procedure that involves the surgical excision of the tumour and parotid gland?

    <p>Parotidectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damage to the facial nerve or its branches during a parotidectomy?

    <p>Paralysis of the facial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the nerve that provides sensory innervation to the parotid gland and the external ear?

    <p>Auriculotemporal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the parotid gland being enclosed in a tough fibrous capsule?

    <p>The gland is limited in its ability to swell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where the inferior eyelid falls away from the eyeball?

    <p>Ectropion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for inflammation of the parotid gland?

    <p>Parotitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common way the parotid gland becomes infected?

    <p>Through retrograde bacterial infection from the mouth via the parotid duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pain in acute parotitis?

    <p>The strong fascial capsule derived from the investing layer of deep cervical fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the parotid duct in relation to the zygomatic arch?

    <p>Below the zygomatic arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of a malignant tumor of the parotid gland?

    <p>It usually causes unilateral facial paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the explanation for the appearance of beads of perspiration on the skin covering the parotid gland in Frey's syndrome?

    <p>Damage to the auriculotemporal and great auricular nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the facial nerve in relation to the parotid salivary gland?

    <p>Between the superficial and deep parts of the gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location of the parotid duct in the mouth?

    <p>Opposite the upper second molar tooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a benign parotid neoplasm?

    <p>It rarely causes facial palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Parotid Gland

    • Bilateral salivary gland located in the face, producing serous saliva (watery solution rich in enzymes) to lubricate and aid in food breakdown in the oral cavity
    • Anatomical position:
      • Divided into deep and superficial lobes, separated by the facial nerve
      • Lies within the parotid region, bounded by:
        • Superiorly: Zygomatic arch
        • Inferiorly: Inferior border of the mandible
        • Anteriorly: Masseter muscle
        • Posteriorly: External ear and sternocleidomastoid

    Secretions and Duct

    • Secretions are transported to the oral cavity by the Stensen duct
    • Duct:
      • Arises from the anterior surface of the gland, traversing the masseter muscle
      • Pierces the buccinator, moving medially to enter the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper second molar tooth

    Anatomical Relationships

    • Clinically important during parotid gland surgery
    • Neurovascular structures passing through the gland:
      • Facial nerve (CN VII): gives rise to five terminal branches, innervating muscles of facial expression
      • External carotid artery: gives rise to the posterior auricular artery within the parotid gland
      • Retromandibular vein: formed by the convergence of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins, responsible for venous drainage of the face

    Blood Supply and Drainage

    • Arterial supply: posterior auricular and superficial temporal arteries, both branches of the external carotid artery
    • Venous drainage: retromandibular vein

    Innervation

    • Receives sensory and autonomic innervation
    • Autonomic innervation controls the rate of saliva production
    • Sensory innervation supplied by the auriculotemporal nerve (gland) and the great auricular nerve (fascia)
    • Parasympathetic innervation:
      • Begins with the glossopharyngeal nerve
      • Reaches the gland via the lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion
      • Auriculotemporal nerve carries parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland
    • Sympathetic innervation:
      • Originates from the superior cervical ganglion (part of the paravertebral chain)
      • Fibers travel along the external carotid artery to reach the parotid gland

    Lymphatic Drainage

    • Numerous lymph nodes distributed throughout and around the substance of the parotid gland
    • Nodes are distributed in both superficial and deep lobes
    • Majority of nodes (about 90%) are found in the superficial node
    • Nodes drain various structures, including:
      • External acoustic meatus, auricle, scalp, eyelids, and lacrimal glands
      • Soft palate, middle ear, and nasopharynx

    The Buccal Fat Pad

    • Encapsulated fat mass in the cheek, located between the buccinator muscle and several superficial muscles
    • Inferior portion is contained within the buccal space
    • Implicated in the formation of hollow cheeks and the nasolabial fold, but not in the formation of jowls
    • Composed of several parts, including:
      • Anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobes
      • Four extensions: sublevator, melolabial, buccal, and pterygoid

    Clinical Relevance: Disorders of the Parotid Gland

    • Parotid gland tumors:
      • Most common site of salivary gland tumors
      • Usually benign, such as an adenolymphoma
      • Treatment involves surgical excision of the tumor and parotid gland (parotidectomy)
    • Parotitis:
      • Inflammation of the parotid gland, usually due to infection
      • Pain referred to the external ear due to the auriculotemporal nerve
    • Parotid duct injury:
      • May be damaged in facial injuries or during surgical operations
      • Duct is superficial, passing forward across the masseter about a fingerbreadth below the zygomatic arch
    • Parotid salivary gland and lesions of the facial nerve:
      • Benign parotid neoplasm rarely causes facial palsy
      • Malignant tumor of the parotid is highly invasive and may involve the facial nerve, causing unilateral facial paralysis
    • Frey's syndrome:
      • Interesting complication that develops after penetrating wounds of the parotid gland
      • Characterized by beads of perspiration on the skin covering the parotid when eating
      • Caused by damage to the auriculotemporal and great auricular nerves

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    Related Documents

    "Parotid Gland" PDF - Lecture Notes

    Description

    Learn about the parotid gland, a bilateral salivary gland located in the face, producing serous saliva to aid in food breakdown in the oral cavity.

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