Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the origin of the fibers for the sympathetic division?
What is the origin of the fibers for the sympathetic division?
Where do the ganglia of the sympathetic division typically reside?
Where do the ganglia of the sympathetic division typically reside?
Which of the following statements correctly describe the parasympathetic system?
Which of the following statements correctly describe the parasympathetic system?
What is one of the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is one of the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic system?
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic system?
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What is the function of the ventral root of a spinal nerve?
What is the function of the ventral root of a spinal nerve?
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Which structure connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain?
Which structure connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain?
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?
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Which type of neurons does the dorsal root of a spinal nerve contain?
Which type of neurons does the dorsal root of a spinal nerve contain?
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What is the primary composition of the white matter in the spinal cord?
What is the primary composition of the white matter in the spinal cord?
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Where does the spinal cord terminate in the vertebral column?
Where does the spinal cord terminate in the vertebral column?
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What type of nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves?
What type of nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves?
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Which of the following is true about the central grey matter of the spinal cord?
Which of the following is true about the central grey matter of the spinal cord?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
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The Vagus nerve is involved in which of the following functions?
The Vagus nerve is involved in which of the following functions?
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Which cranial nerve exits the brainstem from the medulla?
Which cranial nerve exits the brainstem from the medulla?
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The sympathetic nervous system primarily arises from which regions of the spinal cord?
The sympathetic nervous system primarily arises from which regions of the spinal cord?
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Which type of muscles does the autonomic nervous system primarily control?
Which type of muscles does the autonomic nervous system primarily control?
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What is the primary function of the Abducent cranial nerve?
What is the primary function of the Abducent cranial nerve?
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The cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are primarily responsible for which function?
The cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are primarily responsible for which function?
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Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for sensory functions in the oral cavity and teeth?
Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for sensory functions in the oral cavity and teeth?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Nervous System
- The nervous system is divided anatomically into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord by the vertebral column.
- The meninges (dura mater, arachnoid matter, and pia mater) cover the brain and spinal cord.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is present within the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
CNS Components
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Brain: Consists of:
- Cerebrum (forebrain): Largest part, responsible for higher-level functions. Divided into right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure. Each hemisphere has three surfaces; superolateral, medial, and inferior; Contains lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital).
- Brain stem: Located between cerebrum and spinal cord. Includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Acts as a pathway for tracts (neural pathways) between different areas of the brain and spinal cord. Serves as a control centre for various visceral functions (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, respiration) Includes cranial nerve nuclei.
- Cerebellum: Located beneath the occipital lobes, plays a crucial role in balance and integration of muscle tone, responsible for motor coordination. It is separate from the brainstem, and is behind the brainstem.
CNS Subdivisions (Brain Stem)
- Midbrain: Located beneath the diencephalon, includes a cerebral aqueduct.
- Pons: Located between midbrain & medulla oblongata
- Medulla Oblongata: Located at the base of the brain.
Spinal Cord
- It's a slender column of nerve fibers.
- It extends from the brainstem through the vertebral canal.
- It's continuous with the medulla oblongata.
- It gives off 31 pairs of spinal nerves and is segmented (8 cervical, 2 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal).
- It is divided into sections with (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal).
- It contains (gray matter, white matter) and a number of meninges.
- It contains central gray matter and peripheral white matter.
- The spinal cord extends from the base of the brain through the vertebral column.
- It terminates near the intervertebral disk between the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1/2).
PNS Components
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Spinal Nerves: These emerge from the spinal cord and exit through intervertebral foramina.
- Each spinal nerve has dorsal and ventral roots, which unite to form the spinal nerve proper.
- Dorsal (posterior) roots contain sensory neurons, while ventral (anterior) roots carry motor neurons.
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
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Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain and enter/exit from the skull.
- Cranial nerves exhibit different functions (some sensory, some motor, or mixed).
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Subdivisions
- Somatic nervous system: Innervates skeletal muscles (voluntary control) and skin (sensory).
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Autonomic nervous system: Controls visceral functions (involuntary control). Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
- Sympathetic Division: Originates from the thoracolumbar region (thoracolumbar outflow). Involved in "fight-or-flight" responses.
- Parasympathetic Division: Originates from cranial regions and the sacral segments (craniosacral outflow). Active during "rest-and-digest" activities.
Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs of nerves, numbered I-XII.
- Attached to the ventral surface of the brain.
- Exit the brain through foramina within the skull.
- I & II attach to forebrain.
- III-XII attach to the brainstem.
- Each cranial nerve has different functions. (e.g., sensory, motor).
Nerve Fiber Organization
- Nerves: Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- Tracts: Bundles of axons in the central nervous system (CNS).
- Ganglia: Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.
- Nuclei: Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the nervous system, focusing on the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS). You'll learn about the components of the CNS, including the brain and spinal cord, as well as the protective structures surrounding them. Prepare to test your knowledge on the brain's divisions and functions.
