The Nervous System - Part 2 CNS
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve?

  • Conducting nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles
  • Contains cell bodies of motor neurons
  • Regulating activity of cardiac and smooth muscles
  • Conducting nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS (correct)
  • Which structure is primarily composed of myelinated axons in the spinal cord?

  • Gray matter
  • White matter (correct)
  • Dorsal horns
  • Ventral horns
  • What is the significance of spinal nerves being classified as mixed nerves?

  • They connect to multiple spinal segments
  • They are only found in the upper thoracic region
  • They contain both sensory and motor axons (correct)
  • They only carry sensory information
  • Which parts of the spinal cord are specifically responsible for sensory neuron cell bodies?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the lateral horns of the spinal cord primarily composed of?

    <p>Cell bodies of autonomic nervous system motor neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?

    <p>Innervates the upper limbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plexus is responsible for innervating the diaphragm?

    <p>Cervical plexus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?

    <p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the spinal cord primarily serve in the nervous system?

    <p>It carries sensory information to the brain and motor output to nerves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sensory nerves from motor nerves?

    <p>Sensory nerves carry signals towards the central nervous system; motor nerves carry signals away. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective structure surrounds the spinal cord?

    <p>Spinal meninges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of spinal nerves as they leave the vertebral column?

    <p>They branch out immediately after exiting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of gray matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>Neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve fiber would you expect to find in the lumbar plexus?

    <p>Fibers that innervate the abdominal wall and genitals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects spinal nerves and allows them to communicate with various body regions?

    <p>Brachial plexus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic structure is formed by the grouping of sensory and motor neuron fibers in spinal nerves?

    <p>Fascicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the function of sensory nerves?

    <p>They convey sensory information from the skin to the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the cauda equina?

    <p>A collection of spinal nerves that angle down the vertebral canal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the subarachnoid space within the meninges?

    <p>To contain cerebrospinal fluid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes white matter from gray matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>Presence of myelinated axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the central nervous system?

    <p>To provide nutrients and remove waste. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    White matter of spinal cord

    Consists primarily of myelinated axons, organized into columns.

    Dorsal horns

    Posterior part of spinal cord; contains sensory neurons and interneurons.

    Ventral horns

    Anterior part of spinal cord; contains motor neuron cell bodies.

    Spinal nerves function

    Communication path between spinal cord and body parts. They are mixed nerves.

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    Spinal nerve roots

    Axon bundles connecting spinal nerves to the spinal cord.

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    What protects the spinal cord?

    The spinal cord is protected by vertebrae, adipose tissue, spinal meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Dura mater

    Outermost layer of the meninges, tough and single-layered, located deep to the epidural space.

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    Arachnoid mater

    Middle layer of meninges, composed of collagen and elastic fibers, resembling a spider web.

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    Subarachnoid space

    Space between the arachnoid and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Pia mater

    Delicate inner layer of meninges, adhering closely to the spinal cord's surface.

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    Spinal cord's function

    The spinal cord carries sensory and motor information, and processes spinal reflexes.

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    Gray matter of spinal cord

    Contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, terminals, and neuroglia. Divided into horns.

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    Cauda Equina

    A collection of spinal nerves that extend downwards from the end of the spinal cord, resembling a horse's tail.

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    Cervical Enlargement

    A thickened area in the spinal cord where neurons control the upper limbs.

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    Lumbar Enlargement

    A thickened area in the spinal cord where neurons control the lower limbs.

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    Intervertebral Foramen

    An opening between adjacent vertebrae through which a spinal nerve exits the vertebral column.

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    Spinal Nerve Plexuses

    Networks formed by joining of spinal nerve branches, allowing coordinated control of muscle groups.

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    Cervical Plexus

    A network of nerves in the neck that controls muscles and skin of the head, neck, shoulders, and diaphragm.

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    Brachial Plexus

    A network of nerves in the shoulder that controls muscles and skin of the upper limbs, neck, and shoulder.

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    Lumbar Plexus

    A nerve network in the lower back that controls muscles and skin of the abdominal wall, genitals, and part of the lower limbs.

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    Study Notes

    The Nervous System - Part 2 CNS

    • The nervous system, specifically the central nervous system (CNS), is a complex network of nerves and structures.
    • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • An outline of the topics to be covered includes:
      • Anatomy of the spinal cord
      • Structure of a spinal nerve
      • Spinal nerves, plexuses, and their functions
      • Reflexes
      • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood-brain barrier (BBB)
      • Brain subdivisions and their functions
      • Lobes of the cerebrum and their functions
      • 12 cranial nerves and their functions
    • Protective structures and spinal meninges:
      • Spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum to vertebrae L1 and L2.
      • The spinal cord is suspended within the vertebral canal.
      • Vertebrae, adipose tissue and spinal meninges protect the spinal cord.
        • Spinal meninges include dura mater (outer layer), arachnoid mater (middle layer), and pia mater (inner layer).
        • Arachnoid mater resembles a spider's web and is located between the dura and pia mater.
        • The subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
        • Dura mater is the tough outer layer of the spinal meninges.
      • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    • Functions of the spinal cord:
      • Sensory and motor information
      • Motor output.
      • Spinal reflexes (Processing sensory input and conveying motor output.)
    • Spinal cord gross anatomy:
      • The spinal cord is divided into right and left halves.
      • White matter surrounds a centrally located H-shaped gray matter.
      • The central canal contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • Spinal nerves:
      • Spinal nerves serve as a path of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body.
      • Two bundles of axons, called roots, connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord.
      • Dorsal roots contain sensory axons that conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.
      • Dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons.
      • Ventral roots contain axons of motor neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands.
      • Each spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, containing both sensory and motor fibers.
    • Spinal nerves and spinal nerves plexuses:
      • 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
      • Spinal nerves are named according to the region and level of the vertebral column from which they emerge.
      • Spinal nerves pass through intervertebral foramina, and branch.
      • Some spinal nerves form networks called plexuses,.
    • Spinal cord - gross anatomy (additional information)
      • The spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to the upper boundary of L2.
      • The cauda equina is a collection of spinal nerves that angle down the vertebral canal.
      • Specific enlargements of the spinal cord (cervical and lumbar) innervate different parts of the body.

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    Description

    Dive deep into the central nervous system in this quiz. Learn about the anatomy of the spinal cord, the structure and function of spinal nerves, and the protective structures that safeguard the CNS. Explore the roles of cerebrospinal fluid, cranial nerves, and brain subdivisions.

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