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Questions and Answers
What structures protect the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
What structures protect the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Which part of the brain is specifically located between the diencephalon and the pons?
Which part of the brain is specifically located between the diencephalon and the pons?
What is the primary function of the Medulla Oblongata?
What is the primary function of the Medulla Oblongata?
Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the brainstem?
Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the brainstem?
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Where is the Hypothalamus located in relation to the Thalamus?
Where is the Hypothalamus located in relation to the Thalamus?
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What is the structure that contains cerebro-spinal fluid and is continuous with the cavity of the 4th ventricle?
What is the structure that contains cerebro-spinal fluid and is continuous with the cavity of the 4th ventricle?
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in the human body?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in the human body?
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Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for the sense of balance?
Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for the sense of balance?
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Which component of the autonomic nervous system arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord?
Which component of the autonomic nervous system arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord?
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Which spinal nerve is responsible for motor function to the muscles of facial expression?
Which spinal nerve is responsible for motor function to the muscles of facial expression?
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Study Notes
Nervous System
- The Nervous System is divided into the Central (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS).
- The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The PNS is divided into the somatic and autonomic components.
- The CNS is protected by the skull & vertebral column, Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and Meninges.
- The Meninges which enclose the CNS are the Dura Matter, Arachnoid Matter, and Pia Matter
Brain
- The Brain is the upper and largest part of the brain.
- It is divided incompletely into right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebellum
- It is formed of 2 cerebellar hemispheres united by a median vermis.
- It lies below the posterior portion of the cerebrum.
Brain Stem
- The Brain Stem consists of the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata.
Midbrain
- Extends between the Diencephalon above & the Pons below.
- It is the shortest part of the brain stem.
- It contains a narrow canal called the aqueduct of midbrain.
Pons
- Extends between the midbrain above and the medulla oblongata below.
- It lies in front of the cerebellum.
Medulla Oblongata
- The lowest part of the brain stem.
- It is continuous above with the pons and below with the spinal cord.
- It contains vital centers for regulating breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
Diencephalon
- The Diencephalon consists of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus.
Thalamus
- An ovoid mass of grey matter in the middle of the cerebrum.
- Located on each side of the 3rd ventricle.
Hypothalamus
- Lies below the thalamus.
- Immediately above the pituitary gland.
- Forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle.
Spinal Cord
- Site: upper 2/3 of the vertebral canal.
- Continuous above with the medulla.
- Contains a narrow central canal called the central canal.
- The central canal contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is continuous above with the cavity of the 4th ventricle.
- The Spinal Cord is formed of outer white matter and inner grey matter (H-shaped).
Spinal Nerves
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord.
- Distributed as follows: 8 cervical pairs, 12 thoracic pairs, 5 lumbar pairs, 5 sacral pairs, 1 coccygeal pair.
- Each nerve is formed by the union of a ventral root and a dorsal root.
- Each spinal nerve is divided into a ventral (anterior) ramus and a dorsal (posterior) ramus.
Cranial Nerves
- Olfactory n.(I): Sense of smell
- Optic n.(II): Sense of vision
- Oculomotor n.(III): Motor to the eye
- Trochlear n.(IV): Motor to the eye
- Trigeminal n.(V): Sensory to eye, face, nasal cavity, mouth and motor to muscles of mastication.
- Abducent n.(VI): Motor to the eye.
- Facial n.(VII): Taste, motor for muscles of facial expression
- Vestibule-cochlear (VIII): Hearing, sense of balance.
- Glosspharyngeal n.(IX): Taste, sensory to pharynx & middle ear.
- Vagus n.(X): Taste, Motor & sensory to larynx, pharynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs.
- Accessory n.(XI): Motor larynx, pharynx, sternomastoid m. & trapezius.
- Hypoglossal n.(XII): Motor to muscles of tongue.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The motor and sensory neurons supplying the viscera are collectively called the autonomic nervous system.
- It is classified into 2 main components: the Sympathetic nervous system and the Parasympathetic nervous system.
- The Sympathetic nervous system: arises from the thoracic & lumbar regions of the spinal cord. It prepares the body for urgent activity (fright, fight).
- The parasympathetic nervous system: arises from some cranial nerves and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. It regulates the normal functions of the organs it supplies.
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Description
This quiz covers the key components of the nervous system, including the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems, along with the major structures of the brain like the cerebellum and brain stem. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of these critical systems and structures in the human body.
