Questions and Answers
What are the three main functions of the nervous system?
Sensory input, integration, motor output
The ______ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
central
Which of the following describes the peripheral nervous system?
Sensory neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system.
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What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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What neurotransmitter is always used by the autonomic nervous system?
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Match the following components with their descriptions:
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The somatic nervous system consists of ______ neuron.
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What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?
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What is the master body system?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
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What does CNS stand for?
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What fills the ventricles of the brain?
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Which neurons carry information to the central nervous system?
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The motor division of the nervous system carries impulses toward the central nervous system.
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight-or-flight' responses?
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What type of muscle do motor neurons in the somatic nervous system activate?
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Which neurotransmitter is always used by the somatic nervous system?
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Match the following glial cells with their functions:
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What do astrocytes do?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system is the body's master system, responsible for coordinating and controlling all other systems.
- Functions include sensory input, integration, and motor output.
Functions of the Nervous System
- Sensory Input: Gathers information about internal and external changes, termed stimuli.
- Integration: Processes and interprets sensory input to determine necessary actions.
- Motor Output: Produces response to stimuli; activates muscles or glands known as effectors.
Structural Classification
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord, developing from the embryonic neural tube, which forms the ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; consists of nerve fibers and ganglia with neuron cell bodies.
Neurons
- Neurons are specialized cells that facilitate communication between various body locations.
Functional Classification of Neurons
- Sensory (Afferent) Division (PNS): Carries information to the CNS from sensory receptors; includes cutaneous sense organs and proprioceptors.
- Motor (Efferent) Division (PNS): Transmits impulses away from the CNS and activates motor response; composed of somatic and autonomic subdivisions.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary control and conscious perception of stimuli.
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Involuntary control consisting solely of motor nerves; divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Sympathetic Division
- Originates from T1 to L2 spinal segments; short preganglionic and long postganglionic neurons send impulses to effectors.
- Neurotransmitters include norepinephrine and epinephrine; also known as the thoracolumbar division.
- Activates fight-or-flight response during emergencies and stress.
Parasympathetic Division
- Originates from brain stem and S1 to S4 segments; terminal ganglia located near or within effector organs.
- Utilizes acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter; referred to as the craniosacral division.
- Main role is maintaining homeostasis and supporting "rest-and-digest" functions.
Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
- Nerves: Somatic uses one motor neuron; autonomic involves preganglionic and postganglionic nerves.
- Effector Organs: Somatic acts on skeletal muscle; autonomic targets smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
- Neurotransmitters: Somatic uses acetylcholine exclusively; autonomic can use acetylcholine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine.
Interneurons
- Located within the CNS; facilitate connections between sensory and motor neurons, primarily in the lateral horn of gray matter.
Support Cells (Glial Cells)
- Provide structure and support to neurons; critical for maintenance and function within the nervous system.
CNS Glial Cells
- Astrocytes: Most abundant, maintain blood-brain barrier, control chemical environment.
- Microglia: Act as immune cells, remove debris.
- Ependymal Cells: Line brain and spinal cavities, circulate and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin sheath to insulate and protect nerve fibers, enhancing impulse transmission.
PNS Glial Cells
- Satellite Cells: Protect neuron cell bodies.
- Schwann Cells: Form myelin sheath in peripheral nerves.
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system is the body's master system, responsible for coordinating and controlling all other systems.
- Functions include sensory input, integration, and motor output.
Functions of the Nervous System
- Sensory Input: Gathers information about internal and external changes, termed stimuli.
- Integration: Processes and interprets sensory input to determine necessary actions.
- Motor Output: Produces response to stimuli; activates muscles or glands known as effectors.
Structural Classification
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord, developing from the embryonic neural tube, which forms the ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; consists of nerve fibers and ganglia with neuron cell bodies.
Neurons
- Neurons are specialized cells that facilitate communication between various body locations.
Functional Classification of Neurons
- Sensory (Afferent) Division (PNS): Carries information to the CNS from sensory receptors; includes cutaneous sense organs and proprioceptors.
- Motor (Efferent) Division (PNS): Transmits impulses away from the CNS and activates motor response; composed of somatic and autonomic subdivisions.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary control and conscious perception of stimuli.
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Involuntary control consisting solely of motor nerves; divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Sympathetic Division
- Originates from T1 to L2 spinal segments; short preganglionic and long postganglionic neurons send impulses to effectors.
- Neurotransmitters include norepinephrine and epinephrine; also known as the thoracolumbar division.
- Activates fight-or-flight response during emergencies and stress.
Parasympathetic Division
- Originates from brain stem and S1 to S4 segments; terminal ganglia located near or within effector organs.
- Utilizes acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter; referred to as the craniosacral division.
- Main role is maintaining homeostasis and supporting "rest-and-digest" functions.
Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
- Nerves: Somatic uses one motor neuron; autonomic involves preganglionic and postganglionic nerves.
- Effector Organs: Somatic acts on skeletal muscle; autonomic targets smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
- Neurotransmitters: Somatic uses acetylcholine exclusively; autonomic can use acetylcholine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine.
Interneurons
- Located within the CNS; facilitate connections between sensory and motor neurons, primarily in the lateral horn of gray matter.
Support Cells (Glial Cells)
- Provide structure and support to neurons; critical for maintenance and function within the nervous system.
CNS Glial Cells
- Astrocytes: Most abundant, maintain blood-brain barrier, control chemical environment.
- Microglia: Act as immune cells, remove debris.
- Ependymal Cells: Line brain and spinal cavities, circulate and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin sheath to insulate and protect nerve fibers, enhancing impulse transmission.
PNS Glial Cells
- Satellite Cells: Protect neuron cell bodies.
- Schwann Cells: Form myelin sheath in peripheral nerves.
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Description
Explore the intricate functions of the nervous system with this quiz. Learn about sensory input, integration, and motor output along with the roles of effectors. Test your understanding of how the master body system works in response to stimuli.
