Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the components assessed during the physical examination of the skin when inspecting for color changes?
What are the components assessed during the physical examination of the skin when inspecting for color changes?
Which type of lesions are skin lesions as they first appear?
Which type of lesions are skin lesions as they first appear?
Which skin lesions include freckles, junctional nevi, tattoos, and vitiligo?
Which skin lesions include freckles, junctional nevi, tattoos, and vitiligo?
What is the term for skin lesions that are over 1 cm in diameter?
What is the term for skin lesions that are over 1 cm in diameter?
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What affects nail growth according to the text?
What affects nail growth according to the text?
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What percentage of scalp follicles are typically in the anagen phase?
What percentage of scalp follicles are typically in the anagen phase?
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What is the main component of nails that gives them their structure?
What is the main component of nails that gives them their structure?
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Which phase of the hair follicular life cycle represents a resting period?
Which phase of the hair follicular life cycle represents a resting period?
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Which part of the body acts as a 'shock absorber' to protect organs from injury?
Which part of the body acts as a 'shock absorber' to protect organs from injury?
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Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands?
Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands?
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What is the main protein that holds the dermis together and gives the skin its strength?
What is the main protein that holds the dermis together and gives the skin its strength?
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In which layer of the skin would you find Merkel cells and melanocytes?
In which layer of the skin would you find Merkel cells and melanocytes?
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Which type of sweat glands open onto the surface of the skin and help in cooling through evaporation?
Which type of sweat glands open onto the surface of the skin and help in cooling through evaporation?
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What can result in characteristic odors in regions where apocrine glands are found?
What can result in characteristic odors in regions where apocrine glands are found?
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Which part of the skin is also known as the subcutaneous layer?
Which part of the skin is also known as the subcutaneous layer?
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Which layer of the hair follicle is responsible for producing the hair shaft?
Which layer of the hair follicle is responsible for producing the hair shaft?
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What is the primary technique used to examine the surface characteristics of skin lesions?
What is the primary technique used to examine the surface characteristics of skin lesions?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of nail pitting associated with psoriasis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nail pitting associated with psoriasis?
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What is the primary cause of nail clubbing?
What is the primary cause of nail clubbing?
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Which of the following is a primary skin lesion?
Which of the following is a primary skin lesion?
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Which of the following is a secondary skin lesion?
Which of the following is a secondary skin lesion?
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During the anagen phase of the hair follicle cycle, which of the following occurs?
During the anagen phase of the hair follicle cycle, which of the following occurs?
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What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?
What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the telogen phase of the hair follicle cycle?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the telogen phase of the hair follicle cycle?
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During the physical examination of the skin, which of the following should be assessed?
During the physical examination of the skin, which of the following should be assessed?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Nail
- Composed of keratinized structure from the nail plate
- Grows 0.1 mm/day, individual rates depend on age, time of year, activity level, and heredity
- 6 months to completely regrow (toenails up to 12 or more months)
Hair Facts
- Follicular life cycle can be divided into 3 phases
- The anagen phase is the phase of active growth and lasts approximately 3-4 years, approximately 84% of scalp follicles are in the anagen phase
- The catagen phase marks follicular regression and lasts approximately 2-3 weeks, 1-2% of follicles are in the catagen phase
- The telogen phase represents a resting period and lasts approximately 3 months, 10-15% of all hair follicles are in the telogen phase
Skin Facts
- The keratin, a protein formed from dead cells, protects the skin from harmful substances
- Stratum lucidum – found only in the thick skin of palms, soles, and digits
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum – desmosomes to join cells and Langerhans cells
- Basal layer/basement membrane - Inner layer of the epidermis, containing basal cells that continually divide, forming new keratinocytes
Sweat Glands
- Eccrine glands – true sweat glands, open onto surface of the skin and provide cooling of the skin from evaporation
- Apocrine glands under the arms, in the groin, and in a few other smaller regions of the body
- Secretions produce little or no odors in themselves, bacteria that accumulate in the nearby hair can result in characteristic odors
Dermis and Subcutis
- The dermis is the middle layer of the skin and contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands
- The dermis is held together by a protein called collagen, made by fibroblasts (skin cells that give the skin its strength and resilience)
- The subcutis is the deepest layer of skin and is also known as the subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
Physical Examination of the Skin
- Inspection and Palpation for Color, Moistness/dryness, Temperature, Texture, and Turgor
- Includes assessment of mucus membranes and intertriginous areas
Primary Skin Lesions
- Papules
- Macules
- Plaques
- Wheals
- Vesicles and Bullae
- Pustules
Secondary Lesions
- Formed from primary lesions
Physical Examination of the Hair
- Inspection & Palpation for Quantity, Distribution, Color, Texture, and Presence of abnormalities
Physical Examination of the Nails
- Inspection and Palpation for Shape, Color, and Lesions or other abnormalities
Diagnostic Techniques
- Woods light
- Dermoscopy
- Diascopy
- Direct microscopy
- Biopsy – punch, incisional, excisional, shave
- Patch and prick skin testing
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Description
Learn about the anatomy of nails and how to perform a physical examination of the skin. Understand factors affecting nail growth and common nail disorders. Explore techniques for inspecting and palpating skin for color, moisture, temperature, texture, and turgor.
