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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the skin?
What is the primary function of the skin?
What is the term for the skin area innervated by a spinal nerve corresponding to a spinal segment?
What is the term for the skin area innervated by a spinal nerve corresponding to a spinal segment?
What is the significance of overlapping dermatomes?
What is the significance of overlapping dermatomes?
What is the purpose of palpation during skin assessment?
What is the purpose of palpation during skin assessment?
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What does a yellowish skin coloration indicate?
What does a yellowish skin coloration indicate?
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What is the term for when the skin remains the same color, but melanocytes produce more melanin?
What is the term for when the skin remains the same color, but melanocytes produce more melanin?
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What is the term for the skin's mechanical properties, tested through the skin fold?
What is the term for the skin's mechanical properties, tested through the skin fold?
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What is the term for the ability of the skin to return to its original state after stretching or deformation?
What is the term for the ability of the skin to return to its original state after stretching or deformation?
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What is the term for the sweat glands' ability to produce sweat in response to heat and humidity?
What is the term for the sweat glands' ability to produce sweat in response to heat and humidity?
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What is the term for the condition of having excessive hair growth?
What is the term for the condition of having excessive hair growth?
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What type of sensory receptors are sensitive to skin displacement and vibration?
What type of sensory receptors are sensitive to skin displacement and vibration?
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Which type of sensory receptors are found in the papillary dermis and respond to light and discriminatory touch?
Which type of sensory receptors are found in the papillary dermis and respond to light and discriminatory touch?
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What is the function of proprioception in massage therapy?
What is the function of proprioception in massage therapy?
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Which type of fibers are responsible for endurance and stabilizers in dynamic movement?
Which type of fibers are responsible for endurance and stabilizers in dynamic movement?
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What type of sensory receptors are sensitive to skin displacement and maintained pressure?
What type of sensory receptors are sensitive to skin displacement and maintained pressure?
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What is the outermost layer of the skin?
What is the outermost layer of the skin?
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What type of sensory receptors respond to changes in temperature?
What type of sensory receptors respond to changes in temperature?
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Which skin layer provides mechanical protection?
Which skin layer provides mechanical protection?
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What is the function of sensory receptors in the skin?
What is the function of sensory receptors in the skin?
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What is the term for the ability to sense the position and movement of body parts?
What is the term for the ability to sense the position and movement of body parts?
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What is the origin of the epidermis and appendages of the skin?
What is the origin of the epidermis and appendages of the skin?
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What is the term for the ability to identify objects by touch?
What is the term for the ability to identify objects by touch?
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Which type of sensitivity is associated with deep sensitivity?
Which type of sensitivity is associated with deep sensitivity?
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What is the term for the ability to differentiate two points applied to the skin at the same time?
What is the term for the ability to differentiate two points applied to the skin at the same time?
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What is the characteristic of the skin that allows it to maintain its shape and structure?
What is the characteristic of the skin that allows it to maintain its shape and structure?
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What is the term for the absence of perception?
What is the term for the absence of perception?
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What is the term for the ability to sense joint position and movement?
What is the term for the ability to sense joint position and movement?
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What is the term for the sensation of tingling, prickling, numbness, or burning?
What is the term for the sensation of tingling, prickling, numbness, or burning?
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What is the term for the normal functioning of sensory receptors?
What is the term for the normal functioning of sensory receptors?
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What is the term for the measurement of skin thickness?
What is the term for the measurement of skin thickness?
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What is the effect of stroking on blood supply?
What is the effect of stroking on blood supply?
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What is the term for relieving pain?
What is the term for relieving pain?
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What is the effect of compression on muscles?
What is the effect of compression on muscles?
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What is the purpose of manual lymphatic drainage?
What is the purpose of manual lymphatic drainage?
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What is the effect of stroking on tissue?
What is the effect of stroking on tissue?
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What is the term for the ability of the skin to relax?
What is the term for the ability of the skin to relax?
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What is the effect of stripping on blood flow?
What is the effect of stripping on blood flow?
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What is the effect of heat on the skin?
What is the effect of heat on the skin?
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What is the purpose of stretching in massage therapy?
What is the purpose of stretching in massage therapy?
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What is the effect of increased frequency on the skin?
What is the effect of increased frequency on the skin?
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Study Notes
Types of Mechanoreceptors
- Type 1: Small, surface covering, and slowly adapting, sensitive to skin displacement and maintained pressure, found in reticular dermis
- Type 2: Wide, well-defined surface covering, rapidly adapting, sensitive to skin displacement and vibration, found in papillary dermis, hypodermis, periosteum, tendons, and synovial membranes
Mechanoreceptors
- Pacinian corpuscles (Type 2, rapidly adapting): sensitive to skin displacement and vibration, found in papillary dermis, hypodermis, periosteum, tendons, and synovial membranes
- Ruffini corpuscles (Type 2, slowly adapting): sensitive to skin displacement and maintained pressure, found in reticular dermis and hypodermis
- Krause end bulbs (Type 2, rapidly adapting): sensitive to light touch, found in reticular dermis, mucocutaneous, and synovial membranes
- Meissner's corpuscles (Type 1, rapidly adapting): sensitive to light and discriminatory touch, vibratory, found in papillary dermis, located in thick hairless skin (e.g., finger pads)
Nociceptors
- Low threshold, triggered when tissue is damaged, can evoke emotions such as anger, anxiety, or fear
- Small, non-myelinated or lightly myelinated afferent neurons
Positioning in Massage Therapy
- Proprioception: essential for stabilizers (endurance), dynamic movement, and cortical sensitivity
- Synesthesia: same path for senses (e.g., visual-tactile, pain-color, auditory-tactile)
Proprioceptive Sensitivity
- Deep sensitivity: proprioceptive, epicritic, or cortical sensitivity
- Baresthesia: ability to perceive pressure
- Graphesthesia: ability to identify signs in the skin
- Two-point discrimination: ability to differentiate two points applied in the skin at the same time
Skin Structure and Function
- Wrap membrane: alive, relatively waterproof, elastic, and mobile
- Continuity with mucous membranes
- Highly vascularized
- Originated from 2 blastodermic layers: ectoderm (epidermis and appendages) and mesoderm (dermis and hypodermis)
Basic Maneuvers in Massage Therapy
- Stroking: analgesic, relieves pain, increases blood supply, and reduces muscle tone
- Manual lymphatic drainage: for scars and bruises
- Compression: increases blood supply, reduces muscle tension, and has an analgesic effect
- Tension and stretching: increases blood supply, reduces muscle tension, and has an analgesic effect
Skin Examination
- Visual inspection: observes skin color, hairiness, volume, appearance, secretion, flexion creases, and hair and nails
- Palpation: tests skin mechanical properties (consistency, thickness, extensibility, flexibility, and mobility), trophism, and blood supply
- Mobilization: active and passive mobilization, instrumentation, and visual inspection
Skin Mechanical Properties
- Consistency: force used to form and maintain the skin fold
- Thickness: width of the skin fold
- Extensibility: how much the skin can be pulled
- Flexibility: how much the skin fold can be twisted
- Mobility: how much the skin can be moved
- Elasticity: ability to return to its original state
Skin Functions
- Protective: mechanical, antimicrobial, thermal, electrical, and chemical protection
- Sensory: sensitivity to internal and external stimuli
- Regulates body temperature
- Aids in the synthesis of vitamin D
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Description
Test your knowledge of the skin's structure and functions, including the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and skin annexes, as well as the protective functions of the skin, such as mechanical, antimicrobial, thermal, electrical, and light protection.
