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What is the most posterior part of the mouth called?
Which section of the pharynx is immediately behind the oral cavity?
What is the correct order of the parts of the alimentary tract from the mouth to the large intestine?
Which pair of salivary glands is located below the mandible?
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Which type of papillae is NOT found on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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Which gland is specifically associated with the production of saliva in the mouth?
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What anatomical feature guards the cardiac end of the stomach?
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How many milk (deciduous) teeth do children typically have?
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At what vertebral level does the esophagus begin?
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Which part of the mouth is the space between the gums and teeth and the cheeks and lips?
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Which type of saliva is primarily responsible for initiating the digestive process?
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What is the total number of permanent teeth in an adult human?
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What is the main function of the lingual tonsil?
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Which type of palate is formed by the anterior bony part of the mouth?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?
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Which of the following teeth types is responsible for tearing food?
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What is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter?
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Which part of the small intestine is the longest?
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What distinguishes the large intestine from the small intestine?
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Which section of the large intestine is primarily responsible for the absorption of remaining water?
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How long is the small intestine approximately?
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What characterizes the large intestine compared to the small intestine?
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What is a unique structural feature of the large intestine?
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Where is the liver located in the body?
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Which lobe of the liver is located posteriorly?
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What is the correct order of the ducts involved in bile secretion?
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Which part of the gallbladder is responsible for storing bile?
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What is cholecystitis?
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Which hormone, secreted by the pancreas, serves to elevate blood glucose levels?
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Where does the common bile duct open into?
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In the pancreas, which part is the narrowest?
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What does the term ‘hepatic’ refer to?
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What is the average length of the ureter?
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Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the nephron?
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In adults, the urinary bladder is primarily considered what type of organ?
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What is the maximum capacity of the adult urinary bladder?
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Where is the ureter constricted at the level of the ischial spine?
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Which artery does NOT supply blood to the ureter?
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What is the shape of an empty urinary bladder?
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Which part of the urinary bladder mucous membrane lies between the ureteric orifices?
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Study Notes
The Mouth
- Separated from the nasal cavity by the palate and uvula
- The floor is formed by the tongue
- The vestibule of the mouth receives the opening of the parotid gland duct opposite the upper second molar tooth
The Tongue
- Divided into an anterior 2/3 (oral part) and a posterior 1/3 (pharyngeal part)
- The anterior 2/3 contains lingual papillae (filiform, fungiform, vallate, foliate)
- The posterior 1/3 contains a mass of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa called the lingual tonsil
Saliva and Salivary Glands
- Saliva is a colorless liquid that moistens the mouth, starts digestion, and lubricates food during chewing and swallowing
- There are three pairs of salivary glands:
- Sublingual gland (half the size of the submandibular gland)
- Submandibular gland (half the size of the parotid gland)
- Parotid gland (the largest, located below and in front of the ear)
Pharynx
- A funnel-shaped muscular tube that begins at the base of the skull
- Ends at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra (C6) where the esophagus begins
- The cavity of the pharynx is divided into three parts:
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
The Esophagus
- A muscular tube that begins at the level of C6 as a continuation of the pharynx
- Descends in front of the vertebral column, posterior to the trachea and heart
- Pierces the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus (opening) at the level of T10
- Ends at the cardiac end of the stomach at the level of T11
- Has three parts:
- Short cervical part
- Long thoracic part
- Very short abdominal part
Stomach
- Has two ends:
- Cardiac end where the esophagus ends (guarded by a functional sphincter)
- Pyloric end where the duodenum begins (guarded by an anatomical sphincter - the pyloric sphincter)
- Has two curvatures (borders):
- Lesser curvature (right border)
- Greater curvature (left border)
- Has three parts:
- Fundus
- Body
- Pyloric part
The Digestive System
- Formed of a tube called the alimentary tract (gut) and accessory glands
- Tube:
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Glands:
- Salivary glands
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Gallbladder
Teeth
- Two types:
- Milk (deciduous) teeth: temporary teeth present in children, 20 in number (10 above and 10 below)
- Permanent teeth: 32 teeth (16 above and 16 below)
- Arranged in each half of the jaw as follows:
- 2 incisors
- 1 canine
- 2 premolars
- 3 molars
The Small Intestine
- Length: 20 feet
- Diameter: 1 inch
- Extends from the pylorus to the ileocecal junction
- Has three parts:
- Duodenum: 10 inches (25 centimeters)
- Jejunum: 2.5 meters (8 feet)
- Ileum: 3.5 meters (12 feet)
Large Intestine
- Length: 1.5 meters
- Features:
- Taenia coli: 3 bands of longitudinal muscle fibers
- Sacculations or haustrations: dilatations in the wall of the colon
- Appendices epiploicae: many small sacs containing fat
- Parts:
- Cecum
- Vermiform appendix
- Ascending colon
- Right colic flexure
- Transverse colon
- Left colic flexure
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid (pelvic) colon
- Rectum
- Anal canal
Differences Between the Small and Large Intestine
- Large Intestine:
- Wider and shorter (1.5 meters)
- Greater part is fixed
- Taenia coli are present
- Haustrations are present
- Appendices epiploicae are present
- Small Intestine:
- Narrower and longer (6 meters)
- Greater part is mobile
- No taenia coli
- No haustrations
- No appendices epiploicae
The Liver
- Largest gland in the body (1.5-2kg)
- Lies in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the diaphragm
- Divided into four lobes:
- 2 large lobes:
- Right lobe
- Left lobe
- 2 small lobes:
- Caudate lobe (posterior surface)
- Quadrate lobe (inferior surface)
- 2 large lobes:
- Blood supply: hepatic artery and portal vein
- Secretes bile which is collected by the biliary system
The Gallbladder
- Pear-shaped sac that lies on the lower surface of the right lobe of the liver
- Has three parts:
- Fundus
- Body
- Neck
- Stores and concentrates bile
- Bile leaves through the cystic duct
- Applied Anatomy:
- Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder
- Cholecystectomy: removal of the gallbladder
The Biliary System
- Hepatic ducts: right and left hepatic ducts
- Common hepatic duct: formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts
- Cystic duct: connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct
- Common bile duct: formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct
- Hepatopancreatic duct: formed by the union of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct, opens into the middle of the second part of the duodenum
The Pancreas
- Soft, lobulated mixed gland located transversely behind the stomach
- Consists of:
- Head (largest and thickest, lies in the right side in the concavity of the duodenum)
- Neck
- Body
- Tail (narrowest, lies on the left side, reaching the hilum of the spleen)
- Function:
- Endocrine: secretes hormones
- Insulin: lowers blood glucose levels
- Glucagon: elevates blood glucose levels
- Exocrine: secretes pancreatic enzymes in pancreatic juice, which helps in the digestion of fats
- Endocrine: secretes hormones
The Kidney
- The nephron is made of:
- Bowman's capsule
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
- Blood supply:
- Renal artery arises from the abdominal aorta
- Renal vein ends in the inferior vena cava
The Ureter
- Muscular tube with an average length of 25 centimeters
- The upper expanded part is the renal pelvis
- Ureter proper begins at the lower pole of the kidney
- Descends in the abdomen on both sides of the vertebral column
- Crosses the bifurcation of the common iliac artery to enter the pelvis
- Has four sites of constrictions:
- At the beginning (where the renal pelvis joins the ureter)
- Where it crosses the common iliac artery
- At the level of the ischial spine
- At its end as the ureter enters the urinary bladder
- Clinical significance: these are the sites of stone impaction
Blood Supply Of The Ureter
- Supplied by the following arteries:
- Abdominal aorta
- Renal artery
- Gonadal artery
- Common iliac artery
The Urinary Bladder
- Position:
- Infants: abdominal organ (due to narrow pelvis)
- Adults: pelviabdominal organ (due to widening of the pelvis)
- Capacity:
- Adults: maximum capacity is 400-600 ml
- Shape:
- Empty bladder is a 3-sided pyramid
- It has three surfaces (one superior and two inferolateral)
- Apex is anterior
- Base is posterior
- Neck is below and continues with the urethra
- Interior:
- Mucous membrane thrown into folds (rugae)
- Interureteric ridge lies between two ureteric orifices
- The part of the mucous membrane that lies between the ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice is called the trigone
- Empty bladder is a 3-sided pyramid
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Description
This quiz explores the anatomy of the mouth, tongue, and salivary glands, detailing their structures and functions. Understand the role of saliva and the pathways associated with the oral cavity. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.
