Anatomy of the Lower Limb
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Questions and Answers

What is the anatomical position of a human?

  • Lying down with arms extended
  • Sitting with legs crossed and arms raised
  • Standing upright with palms facing backward
  • Standing erect with face and eyes looking forward (correct)

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts?

  • Coronal plane
  • Transverse plane
  • Horizontal plane
  • Sagittal plane (correct)

What type of anatomy involves studying organs using imaging techniques?

  • Microscopic anatomy
  • Radiographic anatomy (correct)
  • Developmental anatomy
  • Applied anatomy

Which term describes movement toward the median plane?

<p>Adduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does the term 'superior' refer?

<p>Above or higher up (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the movement of a joint bending to decrease the angle between two bones?

<p>Flexion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following directional terms means 'closer to the trunk'?

<p>Proximal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study focuses on the normal structure of cells under a microscope?

<p>Microscopic anatomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the tibial tuberosity?

<p>It serves as an insertion point for the ligamentum patellae. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles originates from the lateral surface of the tibia?

<p>Tibialis anterior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint connects the lower end of the fibula with the fibular notch of the tibia?

<p>Inferior tibio-fibular joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the medial longitudinal arch?

<p>It distributes body weight. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones does NOT contribute to the medial longitudinal arch?

<p>Cuboid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the fibular notch on the tibia?

<p>It articulates with the lateral malleolus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is known as the largest and strongest tarsal bone?

<p>Calcaneus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the hallux from other toes in terms of phalangeal structure?

<p>It has only two phalanges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the obturator canal in relation to the pelvic bone?

<p>It facilitates communication between the pelvic cavity and the lower limb. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the femur serves as the attachment site for the iliopsoas muscle?

<p>Lesser trochanter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle that the neck of the femur makes with the line of the shaft?

<p>125 degrees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the femur is primarily responsible for articulating with the tibia?

<p>Femoral condyles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the patellar ligament?

<p>To attach the patella to the tibial tuberosity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape is the patella and where does its apex face?

<p>Roughly triangular; facing downwards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prominent feature is located on the back of the upper third of the femur?

<p>Gluteal tuberosity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the flat surface known as the tibial plateau?

<p>Medial and lateral tibial condyles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily responsible for flexion at the hip joint?

<p>Ilio-psoas, Pectineus, Rectus femoris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament provides anterior support to the knee joint?

<p>Ligamentum patellae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement occurs at the knee joint during full extension?

<p>Knee locking by lateral rotation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles contribute to lateral rotation of the leg at the knee joint?

<p>Biceps femoris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two menisci are found in the knee joint?

<p>Medial meniscus and Lateral meniscus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament connects the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula?

<p>Fibular collateral ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the ankle classified as?

<p>Synovial - hinge variety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is performed by the Popliteus muscle?

<p>Medial rotation of the leg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the superior tibiofibular joint?

<p>Synovial - plane variety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot?

<p>Tibialis anterior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the quadriceps femoris?

<p>Knee extension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ligament is associated with the inferior tibiofibular joint?

<p>Anterior tibiofibular ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the sartorius muscle insert?

<p>Upper part of the medial side of the tibia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is not allowed at the inferior tibiofibular joint?

<p>Any movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle assists with both flexion and lateral rotation of the thigh?

<p>Sartorius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inter-osseous membrane is located between which two bones?

<p>Tibia and fibula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the gluteus maximus muscle?

<p>Extension of the hip joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the gluteus medius and minimus muscles?

<p>Superior Gluteal Nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by drooping of the pelvis to the contralateral side while walking?

<p>Trendelenburg gait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle originates from the anterior surface of the middle 3 sacral segments?

<p>Piriformis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion point of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?

<p>Iliotibial tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles performs medial rotation of the thigh?

<p>Gluteus Minimus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is primarily associated with the posterior femoral muscles?

<p>Knee flexion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT part of the gluteal region?

<p>Vastus Lateralis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomical Position

A standard reference position for the human body, used to describe locations and directions of body parts.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

Coronal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts.

Transverse Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts.

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Anterior

Toward the front of the body.

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Posterior

Toward the back of the body.

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Superior

Toward the head or upper part of the body.

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Inferior

Toward the feet or lower part of the body.

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Femur: Structure

The femur is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body, consisting of a head, neck, two trochanters (greater and lesser), and a shaft. The head articulates with the pelvis, and the lower end forms the knee joint.

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Femur: Head Function

The head of the femur forms a ball-and-socket type articulation with the pelvis, allowing for hip movement.

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Femur: Trochanters

The greater and lesser trochanters are bony projections on the femur that serve as attachment sites for muscles involved in hip and thigh movement.

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Tibia: Weight-bearing bone

The tibia is the larger, medial bone in the lower leg which helps bear the body's weight.

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Tibia: Condyles

The widened upper end of the tibia has medial and lateral condyles that form the tibial plateau for articulation with the femur, forming part of the knee joint.

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Patella: Function

The patella is a sesamoid bone in the knee that protects the knee joint and improves the leverage of the quadriceps muscle.

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Obturator Canal

The obturator canal is a small gap allowing vessels and nerves to pass from the pelvic cavity to the lower limb.

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Femur: Shaft Features

The femur shaft has key features for muscle attachment like the gluteal tuberosity. The linea aspera is a prominent feature on the posterior surface of the mid-shaft.

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Tibial Tuberosity

A bony lump on the front of the tibia (shinbone) where the patellar ligament (knee cap) attaches.

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Medial Malleolus

The bony bump on the inside of your ankle, at the lower end of the tibia.

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Fibular Notch

A groove on the lower end of the tibia where it connects to the fibula.

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Soleal Line

A ridge on the back of the tibia for muscle attachment.

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Fibula's Role

The fibula (smaller leg bone) doesn't bear weight directly, but provides stability and helps with ankle movement.

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Head of Fibula

The top part of the fibula, where the biceps femoris muscle attaches.

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Lateral Malleolus

The bony bump on the outside of your ankle, at the lower end of the fibula.

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Tarsal Bones

The bones of your ankle and foot, including the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms.

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Hip Flexion Muscles

The muscles responsible for bending the hip joint: ilio-psoas, pectineus, and rectus femoris.

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Hip Extension Muscles

The muscles that straighten the hip joint: gluteus maximus and hamstrings.

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Hip Abduction Muscles

The muscles that move the leg away from the midline: gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

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Hip Adduction Muscles

The muscles that move the leg towards the midline: adductor longus, brevis, magnus, and gracilis.

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Knee Joint Type

The knee is a synovial joint, specifically a modified hinge joint.

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Knee Menisci

Two crescent-shaped cartilage pads in the knee joint: medial (C-shaped) and lateral (O-shaped).

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Knee Ligaments

Tough, fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone, providing support. Key ligaments include: Ligamentum patellae, tibial collateral, fibular collateral, and cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL).

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Knee Flexion Muscles

The muscles that bend the knee: hamstrings and popliteus.

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Lateral Ankle Ligament

Connects the lateral malleolus of the fibula to the talus and calcaneus bones, providing stability to the ankle joint.

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Dorsiflexion

Movement that bends the foot upwards, towards the shin.

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Plantarflexion

Movement that bends the foot downwards, away from the shin.

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Superior Tibiofibular Joint

Joints between the upper ends of the tibia and fibula, allowing limited movement.

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Inferior Tibiofibular Joint

Joints between the lower ends of the tibia and fibula, providing stability to the ankle.

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Interosseous Membrane

A strong fibrous sheet between the tibia and fibula, providing stability and surface area for muscle attachment.

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Sartorius Muscle

Longest muscle in the body, located in the anterior thigh, responsible for flexing and rotating the thigh and leg.

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Quadriceps Femoris Muscle

Group of four muscles in the anterior thigh, responsible for extending the knee.

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Vastus lateralis Origin

The vastus lateralis muscle originates from the greater trochanter, lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and lateral lip of the linea aspera.

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Vastus intermedius Origin

The vastus intermedius muscle originates from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the femur.

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Posterior Femoral Muscles: Primary Actions

The posterior femoral muscles are responsible for flexion of the knee joint and extending the hip joint.

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Gluteus Maximus: Function

The gluteus maximus is the main extensor of the hip joint, laterally rotating the thigh.

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Gluteus Medius & Minimus: Function

The gluteus medius & minimus muscles abduct and medially rotate the thigh.

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Tensor Fasciae Latae: Function

The tensor fasciae latae muscle tenses the ilio-tibial tract, which helps stabilize the knee.

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Trendelenburg Gait

Trendelenburg gait is caused by weakness or paralysis of the gluteus medius & minimus muscles, resulting in a drooping pelvis on the contralateral side during walking.

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Lateral Rotators of the Thigh

These muscles rotate the thigh outward, away from the midline.

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Study Notes

Anatomy of the Lower Limb

  • Contents:
    • Overview of lower limb bones (page 2)
    • Joints of the lower limb (page 2)
    • Muscles of the lower limb (page 2)
    • Nerves of the lower limb (page 2)
    • Blood supply (page 2)
    • Important anatomical notes (page 2)

Introduction to Anatomy

  • Types of study:

    • Macroscopic anatomy: Studying organ structure by naked eye
    • Microscopic anatomy (Histology): Studying cellular structure under a microscope
    • Developmental anatomy: Studying intrauterine life
    • Applied anatomy: Application of anatomical facts in medicine and surgery
    • Surface anatomy: Identifying organ borders on the skin
    • Radiographic anatomy: Studying anatomy using imaging techniques (CT, MRI, X-ray)

  • Anatomical position: Standing erect, facing forward, arms hanging, palms forward

  • Anatomical planes:

    • Sagittal: Divides body into right and left parts (median plane if equal halves)
    • Coronal (Frontal): Divides body into front and back parts
    • Transverse (Horizontal): Divides body into upper and lower parts

Anatomical Terms

  • Terms of relationship:

    • Anterior (front)
    • Posterior (back)
    • Superior (above)
    • Inferior (below)
    • Medial (closer to the median plane)
    • Lateral (farther from the median plane)

  • Terms of comparison:

    • Cranial (closer to the head)
    • Caudal (closer to the tail)
    • Proximal (closer to the trunk)
    • Distal (farther from the trunk)
    • Ventral (closer to the anterior abdominal wall)
    • Dorsal (closer to the backbone)

  • Terms of movements:

    • Flexion: To bend
    • Extension: To straighten
    • Abduction: Movement away from the midline
    • Adduction: Movement towards the midline
    • Circumduction: Multi-axial movement (flexion, abduction, extension, adduction).
    • Protraction: Movement forward
    • Retraction: Movement backward
    • Dorsiflexion: Move foot upward
    • Plantarflexion: Move foot downward
    • Rotation: Turning movement around a single axis
    • Supination: Palm forward
    • Pronation: Palm backward

Body Cavities

  • Ventral body cavities:

    • Thoracic cavity: Contains lungs and heart
    • Abdominal cavity: Contains digestive organs
    • Pelvic cavity: Contains reproductive organs
    • Lined by serous membranes

  • Dorsal body cavities:

    • Cranial cavity: Contains the brain
    • Vertebral canal: Contains the spinal cord
    • Lined by meninges

Superficial Fascia

  • Definition: Loose areolar or adipose tissue connecting skin to underlying bones/deep fascia
  • Site: Well-developed in trunk wall, abdominal wall, buttocks, and face; absent in ear pinna, eyelids, penis, and scrotum
  • Functions: Facilitates skin movement, forms a soft bed for blood vessels and nerves, retains body warmth, gives a smooth contour

Deep Fascia

  • Definition: Dense connective tissue that forms sheets around muscles and tendons beneath superficial fascia
  • Site: Absent in face, scalp, and anterior abdominal wall
  • Functions: Invests muscles, creates tension for muscle action, invests delicate structures, thickens in the palms and soles for protection

Bones

  • Bone tissue is a hard form of connective tissue
  • Forms 18% of body weight
  • Contains 206 bones
  • Cells: Osteocytes (mature), Osteoblasts (young), Osteoclasts (remodeling)
  • Bone matrix: Organic (30% collagen) and inorganic (70% calcium salts)
  • Functions: Gives body shape, forms joints, protects organs, stores calcium and phosphorus

Types of Bones

  • Histological Classification: Two types: Compact (shaft of long bones) and Spongy (ends of long bones)

  • Morphological Classification: Long bones (limbs), shaft and two articular ends.

    • Develop by intra-cartilaginous ossification
    • Primary centers of ossification appear in the shaft (diaphysis) during week 8-12 gestation
    • Secondary centers of ossification appear at the ends (epiphyses) around birth
    • Epiphyseal cartilage plates remain to allow continued bone growth until the ages of 19-25

  • Blood Supply: Nutrient artery and vein, periosteal twigs, articular vessels (ends)

Types of Joints

  • Fibrous joints: Bones connected by fibrous tissue (sutures of skull)

  • Cartilaginous joints: Bones connected by cartilage (primary-no movement; secondary-limited movement)

  • Synovial joints: Cavity with synovial fluid, enclosed by a fibrous capsule.

    • Features: Articular cartilage, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments

  • Structures inside the synovial joint: Articular disc (fibrocartilage), intra-articular ligaments, muscle tendons

  • Classification of synovial joints:

    • Plane: (e.g. intercarpal)
    • Uni-axial: (e.g. hinge- elbow)
    • Bi-axial: (e.g. ellipsoid- radiocarpal, saddle- thumb carpometacarpal)
    • Multi-axial: (e.g. ball and socket- hip and shoulder)

Pelvic Bone

  • Structure: Formed by ilium, ischium, pubis, which fuse together by the age of 15.
  • Acetabulum: Deep socket for articulation with the femur's head that forms the hip joint.

Femur

  • Structure: Longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body

Tibia

  • Structure: Larger, medial weight-bearing bone in the leg. Medial and lateral tibial condyles form the tibial plateau and the tibial tuberosity

Fibula

  • Structure: Smaller, non-weight-bearing bone in the leg, with the prominent lateral malleolus.

Patella

  • Structure: Largest sesamoid bone, roughly triangular and located anterior to the knee joint.

Arches of the Foot

  • Function: Weight distribution, elasticity during movement, absorption of shocks, adaptation to surfaces
  • Types: medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, trans verse

Muscles of the Lower Limb

  • Muscles of the thigh: Sartorius, Rectus femoris, (four muscles of the quadriceps (vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius, rectus femoris)
  • Muscles of the gluteal region: Gluteus maximus, medius, minimus, tensor fasciae latae

Nerves of the Lower Limb

  • Lateral rotators of the thigh: Innervated by the branches of L5, S1 and S2 nerves to their respective muscles on the lateral side of the thigh
  • Gluteus muscles: Superior Gluteal nerve or inferior gluteal nerve depending

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Lower Limb Anatomy Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the lower limb including bones, joints, muscles, nerves, and blood supply. This quiz covers essential aspects of lower limb anatomy and key anatomical terms. Understand the foundations of human anatomy with a focus on the lower extremities.

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