Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following structures is located posteromedially to the lateral malleolus?
Which of the following structures is located posteromedially to the lateral malleolus?
What type of joint is the subtalar joint?
What type of joint is the subtalar joint?
Which of the following ligaments connects the calcaneum and cuboid?
Which of the following ligaments connects the calcaneum and cuboid?
What is the movement of the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
What is the movement of the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following tendons is involved in eversion?
Which of the following tendons is involved in eversion?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint is the cuneonavicular joint?
What type of joint is the cuneonavicular joint?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following joints has a separate joint cavity?
Which of the following joints has a separate joint cavity?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of ligaments connect the metatarsophalangeal joints?
What type of ligaments connect the metatarsophalangeal joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following structures is located posteriorly to the lateral malleolus?
Which of the following structures is located posteriorly to the lateral malleolus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the movement of the subtalar joint?
What is the movement of the subtalar joint?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Joints of the Lower Limb
- A joint is a point of connection between two bones, where strands of connective tissue (ligaments) hold the bones together and ensure stability.
Classification of Joints
- According to structure:
- Fibrous joints: bones united by fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity, little or no movement.
- Cartilaginous joints: connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage, some movement.
- Synovial joints: joined by fluid, freely movable, articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage.
- According to motion capability:
- Synarthroses: immovable joints.
- Amphiarthroses: little movement.
- Diarthroses: great amount of motion.
Fibrous Joints
- Types:
- Sutures: bones interlocking, e.g., skull bones.
- Syndesmosis: bones connected by ligaments, some movement, e.g., radioulnar syndesmosis.
- Gomphoses: teeth and sockets of alveoli.
Cartilaginous Joints
- Types:
- Synchondrosis: connected by hyaline cartilage, mostly temporary, e.g., epiphyseal plates.
- Symphysis: connected by fibrocartilage, e.g., manubrium and body of sternum, symphysis pubis.
Synovial Joints
- Characteristics:
- Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
- Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage.
- Some have articular discs.
- Joint capsule surrounds the ends of bones and forms the cavity.
- Joint capsule has two layers: fibrous capsule and synovial membrane.
- Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.
- Classifications:
- Plane or gliding joints: uniaxial, e.g., intercarpal joints.
- Pivot joints: uniaxial, e.g., head of radius and ulna.
- Hinge joints: uniaxial, e.g., elbow and knee joints.
- Ball and socket joints: multiaxial, e.g., hip and shoulder joints.
- Ellipsoid joints: biaxial, e.g., atlantoccipital and radiocarpal joints.
- Saddle joints: biaxial, e.g., first carpometacarpal joint.
Types of Movement
- Gliding: between carpal bones.
- Angular: flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
- Circular: rotation, supination, and pronation, circumduction.
- Special movements: elevation, depression, inversion, eversion, opposition, and reposition.
Hip Joint
- Type: ball and socket synovial joint.
- Articulation: hemispherical head of femur and cup-shaped acetabulum.
- Acetabular notch: deficient lower part of acetabulum.
- Acetabular labrum: fibrocartilaginous rim deepening the joint cavity.
- Transverse acetabular ligament: labral bridge crossing the notch.
- Joint capsule and ligaments:
- Capsule encloses the joint.
- Ligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, and ligament of the head of femur.
- Nerve supply: femoral, obturator, sciatic, and nerve to the quadratus femoris.
- Movements:
- Flexion: iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and sartorius.
- Extension: gluteus maximus, hamstrings, and iliopsoas.
- Abduction: gluteus medius, minimus, sartorius, and tensor fasciae latae.
- Adduction: adductors, gracilis, and pectineus.
- Lateral rotation: short lateral rotators, gluteus maximus, and iliopsoas.
- Medial rotation: anterior fibers of gluteus medius and minimus, and tensor fasciae latae.
Knee Joint
- Type: condyloid joint.
- Articulation: tibia and femoral condyles.
- Patellofemoral joint: plane gliding joint.
- Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage.
- Capsule: surrounds the sides and posterior aspect of the joint.
- Ligaments:
- Extracapsular ligaments: ligamentum patellae, lateral collateral, medial collateral, and oblique popliteal ligaments.
- Intracapsular ligaments: anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and menisci.
- Menisci: C-shaped fibrocartilage, attached to the joint capsule.
Tarsal Joints
- Types:
- Subtalar joint: plane synovial joint, between talus and calcaneum.
- Talocalcaneonavicular joint: plane synovial joint, between head of talus, sustentaculum tali, and posterior surface of navicula.
- Calcaneocuboid joint: plane synovial joint, between calcaneum and cuboid.
- Cuneonavicular joint: between navicula and three cuneiforms.
- Cuboideonavicular joint: fibrous joint, connected by dorsal and plantar interosseous ligaments.
- Movements:
- Inversion: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and medial tendons of extensor digitorum longus.
- Eversion: peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and lateral tendons of extensor digitorum longus.
Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
- Types:
- Plane synovial joints.
- The tarsometatarsal joint of the big toe has a separate joint cavity.
- Deep transverse ligaments connect the joints.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the basics of joints in the lower limb, including their definition, structure, and classification. Learn about the different types of joints and their functions.
