Podcast
Questions and Answers
Where is the liver located in the body?
Where is the liver located in the body?
- In the pelvic region, mostly on the right side
- In the chest cavity, mostly on the left side
- Immediately beneath the diaphragm, mostly on the left side
- Immediately beneath the diaphragm, mostly on the right side (correct)
What is unique about the capillaries in the liver sinusoids?
What is unique about the capillaries in the liver sinusoids?
- They have a thick wall
- They have a large fenestrae with no diaphragm or basement membrane (correct)
- They have a large fenestrae with a basement membrane
- They have a small diameter
What is the function of the Kupffer cells in the liver sinusoids?
What is the function of the Kupffer cells in the liver sinusoids?
- To store glycogen
- To produce bile
- To engulf foreign particles and bacteria (correct)
- To filter blood
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
Where does the blood flow after circulating through the liver capillaries?
Where does the blood flow after circulating through the liver capillaries?
What is the percentage of cardiac output that is directed towards the liver?
What is the percentage of cardiac output that is directed towards the liver?
What is the arrangement of hepatic plates in a liver lobule?
What is the arrangement of hepatic plates in a liver lobule?
What opens into the sinusoids between the hepatic plates?
What opens into the sinusoids between the hepatic plates?
Where is bile secreted by hepatocytes initially released?
Where is bile secreted by hepatocytes initially released?
What is the main purpose of enterohepatic circulation?
What is the main purpose of enterohepatic circulation?
What is the daily production of bile by the liver?
What is the daily production of bile by the liver?
What is bilirubin derived from?
What is bilirubin derived from?
What happens to free bilirubin in the liver?
What happens to free bilirubin in the liver?
What is the function of urobilinogen in the small intestine?
What is the function of urobilinogen in the small intestine?
What is the function of bile salts in the small intestine?
What is the function of bile salts in the small intestine?
What happens to substances that are not reabsorbed in the enterohepatic circulation?
What happens to substances that are not reabsorbed in the enterohepatic circulation?
What is the main function of emulsification in fat digestion?
What is the main function of emulsification in fat digestion?
What is the source of lipase enzyme involved in fat digestion?
What is the source of lipase enzyme involved in fat digestion?
What is the role of bile acids in fat digestion?
What is the role of bile acids in fat digestion?
What is the polar component of bile acids responsible for?
What is the polar component of bile acids responsible for?
What is the primary function of the liver listed in the content?
What is the primary function of the liver listed in the content?
What is the result of lipase activity on fat molecules?
What is the result of lipase activity on fat molecules?
What is the structure formed by bile acids and fat molecules?
What is the structure formed by bile acids and fat molecules?
What is the purpose of the micelle structure in fat digestion?
What is the purpose of the micelle structure in fat digestion?
What percentage of urobilinogen is absorbed by the intestines and taken back to the liver?
What percentage of urobilinogen is absorbed by the intestines and taken back to the liver?
What is the purpose of some urobilinogen in the body?
What is the purpose of some urobilinogen in the body?
What is the function of bile salts in the body?
What is the function of bile salts in the body?
What is the origin of bile acids?
What is the origin of bile acids?
What is the role of bacteria in the process of urobilinogen formation?
What is the role of bacteria in the process of urobilinogen formation?
What is the final destination of urobilinogen in the urine?
What is the final destination of urobilinogen in the urine?
What is the main component of bile salts?
What is the main component of bile salts?
What is the main function of the enterohepatic circulation?
What is the main function of the enterohepatic circulation?
Which of the following is NOT a way the liver removes biologically active substances?
Which of the following is NOT a way the liver removes biologically active substances?
What is the product of gluconeogenesis in the liver?
What is the product of gluconeogenesis in the liver?
What is the function of glycogenolysis in the liver?
What is the function of glycogenolysis in the liver?
Which of the following is NOT produced by the liver?
Which of the following is NOT produced by the liver?
What is the purpose of glycogenesis in the liver?
What is the purpose of glycogenesis in the liver?
What is the liver's role in ketone production?
What is the liver's role in ketone production?
Study Notes
Liver Structure and Function
- Located immediately beneath the diaphragm, mostly on the right side
- Composed of hepatocytes that form hepatic plates separated by capillaries called sinusoids
- Sinusoids have large fenestrae with no diaphragm or basement membrane, making them very permeable
- Kupffer cells (macrophages) are also present in the sinusoids
Hepatic Portal System
- Absorbed nutrients from the GI tract are delivered first to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
- Veins from the pancreas, gallbladder, stomach, intestine, and spleen join with the hepatic portal vein
- After circulating through liver capillaries, the blood leaves via the hepatic vein to join regular venous circulation
- Hepatic artery provides about 25% of cardiac output to maintain hepatic clearance
Liver Lobules
- Hepatic plates arranged with hepatic arteries, hepatic portal veins, and a central vein
- Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein open into the sinusoids between the plates
- Bile secreted by hepatocytes is released into bile canaliculi, which drain into bile ducts
Enterohepatic Circulation
- Involves substances metabolized in the liver, excreted into bile, and reabsorbed across the intestinal mucosa
- Substances not reabsorbed are excreted in feces
Bile Production and Secretion
- Liver produces 250-1,500 ml of bile per day
- Bile is composed of bile pigment (bilirubin), urobilinogen, bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, and inorganic ions
- Bile can also contain exogenous compounds removed by hepatocytes from the blood
Bile Pigment (Bilirubin)
- Produced in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow from heme (minus iron) from hemoglobin
- Bilirubin is not water-soluble and is carried attached to albumin in the blood
- Conjugated bilirubin is secreted into the bile, where it is taken to the small intestine
Bile Salts
- Made from bile acids conjugated with glycine or taurine
- Bile acids are derived from cholesterol and have four polar groups on each molecule
- Form micelles with polar groups toward water and nonpolar groups inward, allowing for emulsification of fats for digestion
Liver Functions
- Detoxification of Blood: removes hormones, drugs, and biologically active substances through phagocytosis, excretion into bile, and chemical alteration
- Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids: helps balance blood glucose levels through glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, and lipogenesis
- Production of Plasma Proteins: produces plasma albumin, globulins, clotting factors, and angiotensinogen
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and function of the liver, including its location, composition, and microscopic features. It also touches on the role of hepatocytes, sinusoids, and Kupffer cells.
