Anatomy of the Hyoid Bone and Cervical Fascia
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Questions and Answers

Which muscle elevates the hyoid bone?

  • Pretracheal
  • Sternothyroid
  • Infrahyoid
  • Suprahyoid (correct)

    • What is the function of the sternothyroid muscle?

  • Elevates the larynx
  • Elevates the hyoid bone
  • Depresses the hyoid bone
  • Depresses the larynx (correct)

    • Which fascial layer encloses the platysma?

  • Carotid sheath
  • Superficial cervical fascia (correct)
  • Pretracheal fascia
  • Prevertebral fascia

    • What is the innervation of the muscles of facial expression in the platysma?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fascial layers is also known as the investing or superficial layer?

    <p>Superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fascial layer that encloses the thyroid gland?

    <p>Pretracheal fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fascial layer forms the fascial floor of the posterior triangle?

    <p>Prevertebral layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the alar fascia and the prevertebral fascia?

    <p>The alar fascia forms the boundary between the retropharyngeal space and the prevertebral fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the carotid sheath?

    <p>To enclose the vagus nerve and internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the retropharyngeal space extend to inferiorly?

    <p>Superior mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which space lies between the alar fascia and the prevertebral fascia?

    <p>Danger space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary space involved in Ludwig's angina?

    <p>Submandibular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pretracheal fascia and the visceral compartment?

    <p>The pretracheal fascia surrounds the visceral compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer that is a component of the pretracheal layer?

    <p>Buccopharyngeal fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the neurovascular arrangement in the carotid sheath?

    <p>Mylohyoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone?

    <p>Hyoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are enclosed by the superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia?

    <p>Trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle?

    <p>Head rotation to the opposite side and flexion of the neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the Suprasternal Space of Burns?

    <p>Around 2 cm above the manubrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Prevertebral fascia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the potential spaces between the layers of deep fascia?

    <p>They provide a route for the spread of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT a suprahyoid muscle?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of the hyoid bone?

    <p>Level of C3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Trapezius muscle?

    <p>Elevation and upward rotation of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space between the layers of deep cervical fascia that is a potential site for the spread of infection?

    <p>Submandibular danger space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hyoid Bone and Muscles

    • The hyoid bone is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone.
    • It is U-shaped, consisting of paired lesser horns laterally and paired greater horns posteriorly.
    • It serves as a movable base for the tongue and is located at the level of C3.

    Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles

    • Suprahyoid muscles (digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid) elevate the hyoid bone.
    • Infrahyoid muscles (sternothyroid, thyrohyoid) depress the hyoid bone, except for the sternothyroid, which depresses the larynx.

    Fascial Layers of the Neck

    • Superficial cervical fascia:
      • Encloses the platysma, a thin broad muscular sheet.
      • Part of the muscles of facial expression, innervated by the facial nerve.
    • Deep cervical fascia:
      • Divides into anterior and posterior parts, attaching to the borders of the suprasternal notch.
      • Has four layers: investing, pretracheal, prevertebral, and alar fascia.

    Hyoid Muscles

    • Investing/enveloping layer:
      • Encircles the deeper parts of the neck.
      • Splits to enclose the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
      • Encloses the submandibular and parotid glands.
    • Suprahyoid muscles:
      • Include digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid.
    • Infrahyoid muscles:
      • Include sternothyroid and thyrohyoid.

    Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

    • A strong, thick muscle crossing the neck.
    • Anterior border covers the carotid arteries, IJV, deep cervical LN, and partly overlaps the thyroid gland.
    • Posterior border relates to the cervical plexus of nerves, phrenic nerve, and upper part of the brachial plexus.
    • Action: head rotation to the opposite side and flexion of the neck.

    Trapezius Muscle

    • A large triangular paired muscle located on the posterior aspect of the neck and thorax.
    • Action:
      • Upper part: elevates and upwardly rotates the scapula.
      • Middle part: adducts the scapula.
      • Lower part: depresses and helps in rotating the scapula.

    Deep Fascia of the Neck

    • Pretracheal fascia:
      • Thin layer attached superiorly to the thyroid and cricoid cartilages and inferiorly to the pericardium.
      • Surrounds the larynx and trachea, encloses the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and forms a sheath.
    • Carotid sheath:
      • Local condensation of the prevertebral, pretracheal, and investing layers of the deep cervical fascia.
      • Contains the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and vagus nerve.

    Retropharyngeal and Danger Space

    • Potential space bounded by deep cervical fascia.
    • Lies between the vertebral and visceral compartments and contains loose connective tissue.
    • Anatomical relationships:
      • Anterior: visceral part of the pretracheal fascia.
      • Posterior: prevertebral fascia.
      • Lateral: carotid sheaths.

    Clinical Correlations

    • Ludwig's angina:
      • Infection of the floor of the mouth underneath the tongue.
      • Derived from dental infections, especially the 2nd and 3rd molars.
      • Infection spreads contiguously to other spaces.
    • Torticollis / Wryneck:
      • Contraction or shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
      • Due to injury to the SCM or avulsion of the accessory nerve at birth.
      • Twisting of the neck with the chin pointing upward and to the opposite side.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy of the hyoid bone, superficial and deep cervical fascia, and related muscles. It also touches on the cochlear duct and hearing.

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