Anatomy of the Heart Wall

What happens to heart rate when the sympathetic nervous system (SyNS) is increased?

It increases (correct)
It becomes irregular
It decreases
It remains the same

Which hormone increases heart rate and contractility?

Thyroid hormone
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
All of the above (correct)

What is the term for the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts?

Afterload
Contractility
Stroke volume
Preload (correct)

What is affected by the duration of ventricular diastole and venous return?

End diastolic volume (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased parasympathetic nervous system (PaNS) activity?

Decreased heart rate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Frank-Starling law related to?

The relationship between preload and stroke volume (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pericardial fluid in the pericardial cavity?

To reduce friction between the heart wall and pericardium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer of the heart wall that is in contact with the pericardial cavity?

Epicardium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the ventricles contract?

The AV valves close, and the pulmonary and aortic valves open (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the myocardium?

To contract and pump blood through the heart (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

To prevent the AV valves from being forced open in the opposite direction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the interatrial septum?

A dividing wall between the two atria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the heart sound 'lub' produced by?

The blood turbulence associated with the closing of the AV valves (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the right side of the heart?

To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the right atrioventricular (AV) valve?

To allow blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the endothelium?

A layer of simple squamous epithelium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the coronary circulation?

To provide oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of the conduction system in the heart?

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, ventricles (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of capillaries in the exchange vessels?

To exchange substances between the blood and the tissues (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of blood vessel walls, except capillaries?

A 3-layered arrangement of tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a decrease in lumen size?

Vasoconstriction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tunica intima layer?

To provide a simple squamous epithelium and a basement membrane (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of venules merging to form progressively larger veins?

Venous convergence (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

To carry oxygen (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the formation of red blood cells?

Hemopoiesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neutrophils in the immune system?

To fight off bacterial infections (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an increased white blood cell count?

Leukocytosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the average blood pressure in the arteries?

Mean arterial pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

To drain excess interstitial fluid (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fluid that flows through the lymphatic system?

Lymph (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

To filter out foreign substances (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the two main lymphatic ducts?

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which lymph flows through the lymphatic system?

Lymphatic flow (D) Signup and view all the answers