Heart Anatomy and Physiology
42 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the pericardium?

  • To produce red blood cells
  • To initiate electrical impulses in the heart
  • To protect and anchor the heart (correct)
  • To circulate oxygenated blood

Which of the following structures does NOT help prevent backflow in the heart?

  • Aorta (correct)
  • Pulmonic valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Mitral valve

Where is the heart located in relation to the midline of the body?

  • Superior to the vertebral column
  • To the right of the midline
  • To the left of the midline (correct)
  • Directly in the center of the thoracic cavity

What is the function of the pericardial fluid?

<p>To minimize friction when the heart beats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about coronary circulation is true?

<p>It is the functional blood supply to the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can sudden weight gain indicate in relation to heart health?

<p>Development or progression of heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of the New York Heart Association classification indicates no limitation of physical activity?

<p>Class I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of reduced blood flow to the stomach in heart failure?

<p>Decreased ability to absorb nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can fluid retention be related to heart failure?

<p>It is a common sign of worsening heart condition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is weight loss mentioned with respect to heart failure?

<p>Reduced blood flow causing nutrient absorption issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arteries in the circulatory system?

<p>Carry blood away from the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the AV valves open?

<p>When atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is cardiac output (CO) defined?

<p>The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the semilunar (SL) valves during ventricular contraction?

<p>They open to allow blood ejection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>Serve cellular needs by allowing substance exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What directly influences stroke volume (SV)?

<p>The amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition could lead to a decrease in cardiac output?

<p>Decrease in stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of cardiac output in liters per minute?

<p>5L or more (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common experience for someone with heart failure during exertion?

<p>Shortness of breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes fluid to leak into the lungs in heart failure patients?

<p>Blood backing up in pulmonary veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate that fluid is building up in the body tissues of a heart failure patient?

<p>Swelling in extremities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a heart failure patient experience persistent coughing?

<p>Due to excess fluid in the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When might a heart failure patient experience sudden breathlessness?

<p>While sleeping at night (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason there is not enough blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat in heart failure?

<p>Poor heart muscle function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cough produced by a heart failure patient often resemble?

<p>White or pink blood-tinged mucus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with heart failure?

<p>Increased energy levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of heart failure related to physical activity?

<p>Shortness of breath during activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a feeling of tiredness and fatigue in individuals with heart failure?

<p>Inadequate blood supply to vital organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does heart failure affect appetite?

<p>Decreases appetite due to digestive system disruption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compensatory mechanism does the heart employ in heart failure to maintain blood circulation?

<p>Increases heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes swelling or edema in individuals with heart failure?

<p>Fluid backed up in the veins due to poor heart function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical experience that may occur after eating for individuals with heart failure?

<p>Feeling sleepy after eating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with heart palpitations?

<p>Racing or throbbing feeling of the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood flow in less vital organs during heart failure?

<p>It is diverted to the heart and brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of decreased myocardial function?

<p>Death of myocardial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pharmacological treatment for heart failure?

<p>Diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is specifically used for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)?

<p>Revascularisation (CABG/PCI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle modification is recommended for patients experiencing severe heart failure?

<p>Limit salt intake to no more than 5g/day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cardiac rehabilitation?

<p>To enhance quality of life and cardiopulmonary function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about heart failure mortality is correct?

<p>5-year mortality can exceed 50%. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neighboring myocardial cells play when other cells die?

<p>They attempt to compensate by altering their shape and workload. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacological treatment specifically targets the inhibition of the If channel?

<p>Ivabradine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heart location

Superior to the diaphragm, left of the midline, and anterior to the spine, posterior to the sternum.

Pericardium function

Protects and anchors the heart; contains pain/pressure receptors.

Heart chambers

Four chambers: two atria (receiving blood) and two ventricles (pumping blood).

Heart Valves

Tricuspid, Mitral (bicuspid), Pulmonic, and Aortic valves prevent blood backflow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coronary Circulation

Blood supply to the heart muscle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood Vessels

The closed system of tubes that carry blood throughout the body, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cardiac Cycle

The sequence of events that occurs in one heartbeat, including contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart chambers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cardiac Output (CO)

The amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Rate (HR)

The number of heartbeats per minute.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stroke Volume (SV)

The amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure

A condition where the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup and various symptoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Shortness of breath (Dyspnea)

Difficulty breathing, often occurring during exertion or at rest, due to fluid accumulating in the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Persistent coughing or wheezing

Chronic coughing that may produce white or pink mucus, caused by fluid buildup in the lungs due to poor blood circulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Excess fluid buildup (Edema)

Swelling in the feet, ankles, legs, fingers, abdomen, and other tissues due to the heart's inability to pump blood effectively.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why does fluid build up in the lungs?

Reduced heart pumping efficiency forces blood back into the pulmonary veins, leading to fluid leaking into the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why does edema occur?

The heart's weak pumping action results in reduced blood circulation, causing fluid to accumulate in body tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the signs and symptoms of heart failure?

Shortness of breath, persistent coughing, wheezing, and edema are common symptoms of heart failure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does a weakened heart affect the body?

A weakened heart leads to poor blood circulation, causing fluid buildup in the lungs and tissues, resulting in shortness of breath, coughing, and swelling.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure Weight Change

Weight loss or gain can indicate the progression of heart failure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Weight Loss in Heart Failure

Heart failure can cause weight loss due to reduced blood flow to the stomach, making it harder to absorb nutrients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Weight Gain in Heart Failure

Weight gain in heart failure is often caused by fluid retention, a symptom of the heart's inability to effectively pump blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification

This system classifies heart failure based on the severity of its impact on physical activity and limitations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NYHA Class I Heart Failure

Individuals with this class experience no limitation of physical activity. Ordinary activities do not cause excessive breathlessness, fatigue, or palpitations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure: Fatigue

Feeling tired all the time, struggling with daily activities like shopping or climbing stairs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure: Shortness of Breath

Getting out of breath easily, even with simple actions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure: Swelling (Edema)

Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet due to fluid buildup.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure: Lack of Appetite

Feeling full or nauseous, struggling with digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure: Increased Heart Rate

A faster heartbeat, sometimes feeling like your heart is racing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure: Weight Gain

Unexpected weight gain due to fluid retention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure: Why is it Harder to Breathe?

The body diverts blood away from muscles to prioritize vital organs like the brain and heart, affecting breathing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure: Why is Digestion Affected?

Less blood reaches the digestive system, causing problems with digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure Damage

Damage to heart cells due to decreased blood flow leads to reduced heart function and potential cell death. Neighboring cells try to compensate but function poorly, leaving the heart unable to meet the body's needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure Mortality

Heart failure has a high mortality rate, with 1-year mortality reaching 15-30% and 5-year mortality exceeding 50%.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ACE Inhibitors & ARBs

Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are medications that help treat heart failure by reducing blood pressure and improving heart function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beta-blockers

Beta-blockers help manage heart failure by slowing down the heart rate and reducing the force of contractions, which can improve heart function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure Interventions

Interventions for heart failure include addressing underlying causes like coronary artery disease (CAD) or valve disease. Pacemakers, defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) can also be used.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cardiac Rehab Benefits

Cardiac rehabilitation programs provide comprehensive support to heart failure patients, including exercise training, emotional support, and education. These programs improve quality of life, cardiopulmonary function, and reduce hospital readmissions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Failure Lifestyle Modifications

Modifying lifestyle can improve heart failure management. Key changes include adhering to medication, regular exercise, fluid restriction, salt restriction, symptom monitoring, and quitting smoking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fluid Restriction for Severe HF

Patients with severe heart failure often need to restrict fluid intake to 1.5-2 liters per day to reduce the strain on the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Heart Anatomy and Location

  • Heart size is approximately the size of a fist.
  • Location: Superior surface of the diaphragm, left of the midline, anterior to the vertebral column, and posterior to the sternum.

Heart Covering

  • Protects and anchors the heart.
  • Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that cause changes in blood pressure and heart rate.
  • Pericardial fluid acts as a lubricant, minimizing friction during heartbeats.

Heart Chambers and Valves

  • Four chambers: Right atrium and ventricle, left atrium and ventricle
  • Atrioventricular (AV) valves: Tricuspid and mitral valve.
  • Semilunar (SL) valves: Pulmonic and aortic valve.

Coronary Circulation

  • Coronary circulation is the functional blood supply to the heart.
  • Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart via vessels.

Heart Physiology: Blood Pathway

  • Blood circulates through a closed system of vessels.
  • The three major vessel types are arteries, capillaries, and veins.
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood toward the heart.
  • Capillaries directly serve cellular needs.

Cardiac Cycle

  • Blood flows from higher to lower pressure.
  • Contraction increases pressure.
  • Valves open and close in response to pressure gradients.

Cardiac Output (CO)

  • The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.
  • Measured as heart rate (HR) multiplied by stroke volume (SV).
  • HR: Number of heart beats per minute.
  • SV: Amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat.

Cardiac Conduction System

  • Sinoatrial (SA) node initiates impulses (pacemaker).
  • Impulse travels through the atrioventricular (AV) node, delaying the impetus.
  • AV bundle (bundle of His) transmits the impulse to the ventricles.
  • Purkinje fibers carry the impulse through the ventricles.
  • Electrical activity is recorded by electrocardiogram (ECG).

Cardiovascular Assessment

  • Health history and exam.
  • ECG (electrocardiogram).
  • Blood tests.
  • Echo & Treadmill.
  • Cardiac Catheterization.

Heart Failure: Overview

  • Heart failure (HF): A complex clinical syndrome where the heart's pumping ability is insufficient to meet the metabolic requirements of the body.
  • In layman's terms: the heart isn't effectively pumping blood.

Heart Failure: Epidemiology

  • Worldwide prevalence of ~ 1-3%.
  • Prevalence increases with age (>1% in <55 versus ~10% in >70).
  • Recent increases in incidence in younger adults ( <50 years old).

Heart Failure: Types of Heart Failure

  • Biventricular or left/right failure (systolic and diastolic).
  • Cor pulmonale secondary to pulmonary hypertension.
  • Left-sided heart failure (impaired ability of the left ventricle to supply adequate cardiac output).
  • Right-sided heart failure (impaired ability of the right ventricle to deliver blood).
  • Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
  • Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF).
  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
  • Right ventricular dysfunction.

Heart Failure: Signs and Symptoms

  • Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
  • Persistent coughing or wheezing.
  • Fluid buildup in the lungs, causing difficulty breathing ("pulmonary edema").
  • Swelling in the body tissues (edema)
  • Tiredness, fatigue
  • Lack of appetite, nausea
  • Increased heart rate.
  • Weight changes

Heart Failure: Causes

  • Coronary artery disease (CAD).
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Valve disease

Heart Failure: Pathophysiology

  • Coronary heart disease (CAD): Plaques build up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the myocardium, causing cell injury and death.
  • Diabetes Mellitus: High blood sugar levels damage blood vessels supplying the heart. Resulting in reduction in blood flow through the myocardium.

Heart Failure: Mortality

  • Significant 1 and 5-year mortality rates.

Heart Failure: Risk Factors

  • Sedentary lifestyle, smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol intake, influenza, and cardiomyopathy.
  • Cardiotoxic drugs, radiation, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus.

Heart Failure: Treatment

  • Pharmacological treatment (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, ARNI, SGLT2 inhibitors, ivabradine)
  • Disease-specific interventions (revascularization in coronary artery disease, valve repair/replacement.)
  • Implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
  • Cardiac resynchronisation therapy.

Heart Failure: Cardiac Rehabilitation

  • Comprehensive supervised program.
  • Multidisciplinary teams (physicians, nurses, therapists, dietitians, social workers).

Heart Failure: Lifestyle Modification

  • Drug compliance
  • Regular exercise
  • Fluid restriction.
  • Salt restriction.
  • Symptom monitoring.
  • Quit smoking.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Heart Function & Anatomy PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating structure and function of the heart in this quiz. Learn about its anatomy, chambers, valves, and the importance of coronary circulation. Test your knowledge on how blood flows through the heart and the roles of different heart coverings.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser