Anatomy of the Heart Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What defines the left border of the heart's surface anatomy?

An irregular line without any convexity

A straight line connecting upper and lower border

A line convex to the left (correct)

A line slightly convex to the right

Which chambers of the heart are positioned above the ventricles?

Right and Left Atrium (correct)

Only the Left Atrium

Right Atrium and Left Ventricle

Right and Left Ventricle

What does the interventricular groove/sulcus separate?

Atria from ventricles

Right atrium from left atrium

Two ventricles from each other (correct)

The heart from the thoracic cavity

The atrioventricular groove is also known as which of the following?

Coronary sulcus Signup and view all the answers

In which intercostal space is the apex of the heart located?

5th intercostal space Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following grooves separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Right atrioventricular groove Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the grooves/sulci on the heart's surface?

To separate the chambers of the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which sulcus is specifically responsible for separating the two atria?

Interatrial sulcus Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight of the heart in females?

250g Signup and view all the answers

How is the heart positioned relative to the midline?

Two thirds to the left of the midline Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature marks the upper border of the heart?

A point at the lower border of the second left costal cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the heart's location?

Located anterior to the vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

What is the surface anatomy feature marking the lower border of the heart?

A line connecting points at the lower border of the sixth right costal cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Where does the heart primarily rest in terms of its anatomical support?

On the superior surface of the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

The heart's size is approximately that of which object?

A person's fist Signup and view all the answers

How is the heart positioned in relation to the costal cartilages?

In front of the body of the sternum and adjoining parts of the costal cartilages Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the heart lies to the right of the median plane?

One third Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ductus venosus in fetal circulation?

To short-circuit blood flow to the liver Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the right atrioventricular valve?

It has three cusps Signup and view all the answers

How does fetal blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?

Through the oval foramen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the semilunar valves is correct?

They function to prevent backflow into the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen saturation level of blood in the umbilical arteries during fetal circulation?

Approximately 58% Signup and view all the answers

Which groove is situated on the inferior surface of the heart?

Posterior interventricular groove Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms the apex of the heart?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which border of the heart is formed mainly by the left ventricle?

Left border Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the heart is formed mainly by the right atrium and right ventricle?

Anterior surface Signup and view all the answers

What structure is located at the upper part of the sulcus terminalis in the right atrium?

Sinoatrial node Signup and view all the answers

The base of the heart is primarily formed by which chambers?

Left atrium and a small part of right atrium Signup and view all the answers

The interatrial groove is characterized by which of the following features?

Faintly visible posteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position of the apex of the heart?

Directed downwards, forwards, and to the left Signup and view all the answers

The right border of the heart is formed mainly by which chamber?

Right atrium Signup and view all the answers

What divides the apex from the rest of the inferior border of the heart?

Lower end of the anterior interventricular groove Signup and view all the answers

What are the small veins that open into all four chambers of the heart called?

Venae cordis minimi Signup and view all the answers

What feature primarily separates the inflowing and outflowing parts of the right ventricle?

Supraventricular crest Signup and view all the answers

Which structure represents the free edge of the septum secondum?

Annulus fossa ovalis Signup and view all the answers

What type of ridges are present in the inflowing rough part of the right ventricle?

Trabeculae carneae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tricuspid valve in the right ventricle?

Separate the right atrium and right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the right ventricle is identified as the upper conical section leading to the pulmonary trunk?

Infundibulum Signup and view all the answers

What describes the shape of the fossa ovalis?

Shallow saucer-shaped depression Signup and view all the answers

What are the muscular structures known as septomarginal trabeculae more commonly referred to as?

Moderate bands Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the interatrial septum is incorrect?

It is entirely muscular Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about trabeculae carneae?

They exist in both ventricles of the heart Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Location and Position of the Heart

Conical muscular organ found in the middle mediastinum within the pericardium
Located on the superior surface of the diaphragm, to the left of the midline, anterior to the vertebral column, and posterior to the sternum
Weighs approximately 300g in males and 250g in females
Approximately the size of a fist

Surface Anatomy of the Heart

Upper Border: Straight line joining the lower border of the second left costal cartilage (1.3cm from the sternal angle) to the upper border of the third right costal cartilage (0.8cm from the sternal margin)
Lower Border: Straight line joining the lower border of the 6th right costal cartilage (2cm from the sternal margin) to the anterior interventricular groove
Right Border: Slightly convex to the right, joins the right ends of the upper and lower borders
Left Border: Convex to the left, joins the left ends of the upper and lower borders

Apex of the Heart

Formed entirely by the left ventricle
Directed downwards, forwards and to the left
Situated in the left 5th intercostal space, 9cm lateral to the mid-sternal line, just medial to the midclavicular line

Base of the Heart

Also called the posterior surface
Formed mainly by the left atrium and a small part of the right atrium
Left atrium has the openings of four pulmonary veins
Right atrium receives the superior and inferior vena cava

Borders of the Heart

Upper Border: Slightly oblique, formed by the two atria, primarily by the left atrium
Right Border: More or less vertical, formed by the right atrium
Lower Border: Nearly horizontal, formed mainly by the right ventricle, with a small part near the apex formed by the left ventricle
Left Border: Oblique and curved, formed mainly by the left ventricle with a partial contribution from the left auricle

Surfaces of the Heart

Anterior/Sternocostal Surface: Formed mainly by the right atrium and right ventricle, with partial contribution from the left ventricle and left auricle
Inferior/Diaphragmatic Surface: Rests on the central tendon of the diaphragm, formed by the left ventricle on the left 2/3rds and the right ventricle on the right 1/3rd
Left Surface: Formed mostly by the left ventricle with partial contribution from the left auricle

Right Atrium

Right upper chamber of the heart
Receives venous blood from the whole body through the superior and inferior vena cava
Pumps the venous blood into the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) opening
External Features:
- Upper end is prolonged to form the right auricle
- Sulcus terminalis: a shallow vertical groove along the right border, extending from SVC to IVC
Sulcus Terminalis: Contains the crista terminalis (a muscular ridge in the interior)
Upper part of sulcus terminalis contains the SA (sinu atrial) node (pacemaker of the heart)

Right Atrium Tributaries

Venae Cordis Minimi: Small veins that open into all four chambers

Interior of Right Atrium

Rough Anterior Part: Has transverse muscular ridges called musculi pectinati (appear as teeth of a comb)
Interatrial Septum:
- Fossa Ovalis: A shallow saucer-shaped depression in the lower part, representing the site of the embryonic septum primum
- Annulus Fossa Ovalis/ Limbus Fossa Ovalis: Margin of the fossa ovalis, representing the free edge of septum secundum

Right Ventricle

Interior: Shows two parts:
- Inflowing Rough Part: Contains muscular ridges called trabeculae carneae
- Outflowing Smooth Part/ Infundibulum: Upper conical part of the right ventricle, giving rise to the pulmonary trunk
Supraventricular Crest: Muscular ridge separating the inflowing rough part from the outflowing smooth part, located between the tricuspid (right atrioventricular orifice) and pulmonary orifice

Right Ventricle Orifice

Right Atrioventricular Orifice: Guarded by the tricuspid valve
Pulmonary Orifice: Guarded by the pulmonary valve

Trabeculae Carneae

Three Types:
- Ridges (septomarginal trabeculae/ moderator band)
- Bridges
- A pair of semilunar valves

Valves of the Heart

Right Atrioventricular Valve: Known as the tricuspid valve, with 3 cusps
Left Atrioventricular Valve: Known as the bicuspid valve, with 2 cusps
Semilunar Valves: Include aortic valve and pulmonary valve, each with 3 semilunar cusps
Cusps are folds of endocardium strengthened by fibrous tissues

Fetal Circulation

Blood from the placenta, about 80% saturated with oxygen, returns to the fetus through the umbilical vein
Most of this blood flows through the ductus venosus directly into the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
A smaller amount enters the liver sinusoids and mixes with blood from the portal circulation
In the inferior vena cava, placental blood mixes with deoxygenated blood returning from the lower limbs, then entering the right atrium
The valve of the inferior vena cava guides most of this blood towards the oval foramen, directly into the left atrium
In the left atrium, this oxygenated blood mixes with a small amount of desaturated blood returning from the lungs, entering the left ventricle and ascending aorta.
Desaturated blood from the superior vena cava flows through the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk.
Most of this blood passes directly through the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta, mixing with blood from the proximal aorta.
Blood flows from the descending aorta towards the placenta through the two umbilical arteries.
The oxygen saturation in the umbilical arteries is approximately 58%.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the location and surface anatomy of the heart. This quiz covers essential facts about the heart's position, size, and borders, as well as its apex. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or cardiovascular physiology.