Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of valves prevent backflow between the atria and the ventricles?
Which type of valves prevent backflow between the atria and the ventricles?
When the left ventricle contracts, blood moves into the ______________.
When the left ventricle contracts, blood moves into the ______________.
When the right ventricle contracts, blood moves into the ______________.
When the right ventricle contracts, blood moves into the ______________.
Which type of valves are located between the ventricles and the great arteries?
Which type of valves are located between the ventricles and the great arteries?
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What anchors the atrioventricular valves and prevents them from prolapsing into the atria during ventricular contraction?
What anchors the atrioventricular valves and prevents them from prolapsing into the atria during ventricular contraction?
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Which structures would be located anteriorly on the heart?
Which structures would be located anteriorly on the heart?
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Which structures would be located posteriorly on the heart?
Which structures would be located posteriorly on the heart?
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Which great vessel is directly connected to the left atrium?
Which great vessel is directly connected to the left atrium?
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Which great vessel is directly connected to the right atrium?
Which great vessel is directly connected to the right atrium?
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Which great vessel is directly connected to the left ventricle?
Which great vessel is directly connected to the left ventricle?
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Which great vessel is directly connected to the right ventricle?
Which great vessel is directly connected to the right ventricle?
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Which great vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium?
Which great vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium?
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Which great vessel carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body?
Which great vessel carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body?
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Which intercostal space and midclavicular line is the best place to hear sounds from the left AV valve and left ventricle?
Which intercostal space and midclavicular line is the best place to hear sounds from the left AV valve and left ventricle?
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What is the best place to palpate the PMI (point of maximal impulse) in a person with a 'normal' left ventricle?
What is the best place to palpate the PMI (point of maximal impulse) in a person with a 'normal' left ventricle?
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Which valve closing sound is known as 'Lub'?
Which valve closing sound is known as 'Lub'?
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Which valve closing sound is known as 'Dub'?
Which valve closing sound is known as 'Dub'?
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What is the term for the abnormality when a valve doesn't open widely enough?
What is the term for the abnormality when a valve doesn't open widely enough?
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What is the term for the abnormality when a valve doesn't close tightly enough?
What is the term for the abnormality when a valve doesn't close tightly enough?
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What is the term for the abnormality when a valve is completely closed?
What is the term for the abnormality when a valve is completely closed?
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Which type of valvular abnormality occurs when the valve doesn't open widely enough?
Which type of valvular abnormality occurs when the valve doesn't open widely enough?
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What happens if the aortic valve in the picture 'couldn't' close proeprly?
What happens if the aortic valve in the picture 'couldn't' close proeprly?
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When would you hear a murmur in the case of aortic valve stenosis?
When would you hear a murmur in the case of aortic valve stenosis?
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What type of valvular abnormality occurs when the valve doesn't close fully?
What type of valvular abnormality occurs when the valve doesn't close fully?
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If the mitral valve doesn't close fully after the left ventricle relaxes, what would happen?
If the mitral valve doesn't close fully after the left ventricle relaxes, what would happen?
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When would you hear a murmur in the case of mitral valve regurgitation?
When would you hear a murmur in the case of mitral valve regurgitation?
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What can make heart valves unable to close fully?
What can make heart valves unable to close fully?
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle can heart murmurs be heard?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle can heart murmurs be heard?
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What can the location and phase of the cardiac cycle help deduce about a murmur?
What can the location and phase of the cardiac cycle help deduce about a murmur?
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Study Notes
Valves and Blood Flow
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow between the atria and ventricles.
- When the left ventricle contracts, blood moves into the aorta.
- When the right ventricle contracts, blood moves into the pulmonary artery.
- Semilunar valves are located between the ventricles and the great arteries.
Structural Support
- Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles anchor the atrioventricular valves, preventing prolapse into the atria during ventricular contraction.
Heart Orientation
- Anterior structures include the aorta and right ventricle.
- Posterior structures include the left atrium and the pulmonary veins.
Great Vessels
- Pulmonary veins are directly connected to the left atrium.
- Superior and inferior vena cavae are directly connected to the right atrium.
- Aorta is directly connected to the left ventricle.
- Pulmonary artery is directly connected to the right ventricle.
- Superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium.
- Aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
Auscultation and Palpation
- The best place to hear sounds from the left AV valve and left ventricle is at the 5th intercostal space along the midclavicular line.
- The point of maximal impulse (PMI) can be palpated at the same location.
Valve Sounds
- 'Lub' sound is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular valves.
- 'Dub' sound is produced by the closure of the semilunar valves.
Valvular Abnormalities
- Stenosis refers to a valve that doesn't open widely enough.
- Insufficiency (or regurgitation) occurs when a valve doesn't close tightly enough.
- Atresia describes a valve that is completely closed.
Clinical Implications of Abnormalities
- Aortic valve stenosis could lead to compromised blood flow and increased cardiac workload if closure is impaired.
- A murmur is typically heard during systole in cases of aortic valve stenosis due to turbulent blood flow.
- Valvular insufficiency leads to regurgitation, causing a murmur during diastole if the valve doesn’t close fully after relaxation.
- Causes of insufficient closure include valve damage, infection, or degeneration.
Heart Murmurs
- Heart murmurs can be heard during any phase of the cardiac cycle, primarily during systole and diastole when there is turbulent flow.
- Location and timing of murmurs during the cardiac cycle provide essential diagnostic clues regarding the type of valvular abnormality present.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the surface anatomy of the heart in this quiz. Learn about the best places to hear sounds from different valves and ventricles, as well as how to palpate the PMI in a person with a "normal" left ventricle.
