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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the conchae in the nasal passages?
What is the primary function of the conchae in the nasal passages?
Which joints are formed by each rib in relation to the vertebrae?
Which joints are formed by each rib in relation to the vertebrae?
How many demi-facets does each thoracic vertebra have for rib interaction?
How many demi-facets does each thoracic vertebra have for rib interaction?
Which portion of the respiratory tract includes the trachea and bronchi?
Which portion of the respiratory tract includes the trachea and bronchi?
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Which structures border the oral cavity?
Which structures border the oral cavity?
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What is the primary function of the coronary sinus?
What is the primary function of the coronary sinus?
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Which artery typically supplies the SA node in most individuals?
Which artery typically supplies the SA node in most individuals?
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What determines coronary dominance?
What determines coronary dominance?
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Which statement is true regarding the branches of the Left Coronary Artery?
Which statement is true regarding the branches of the Left Coronary Artery?
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Which of the following veins directly drains into the right atrium?
Which of the following veins directly drains into the right atrium?
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In terms of coronary artery supply, what is a characteristic of co-dominance?
In terms of coronary artery supply, what is a characteristic of co-dominance?
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Which statement accurately describes the right coronary artery?
Which statement accurately describes the right coronary artery?
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What distinguishes true ribs from false ribs?
What distinguishes true ribs from false ribs?
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Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?
Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?
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What is a characteristic feature of atypical ribs 1 and 2?
What is a characteristic feature of atypical ribs 1 and 2?
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Which rib is described as having a roughened area on its upper surface?
Which rib is described as having a roughened area on its upper surface?
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What structural feature do typical ribs possess?
What structural feature do typical ribs possess?
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What is the function of the costal groove in typical ribs?
What is the function of the costal groove in typical ribs?
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How do the thoracic vertebrae change as one moves down the body?
How do the thoracic vertebrae change as one moves down the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a classification of ribs?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of ribs?
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What is the role of the lower facet on a typical rib's head?
What is the role of the lower facet on a typical rib's head?
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What is a unique feature of rib 10 compared to other ribs?
What is a unique feature of rib 10 compared to other ribs?
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What is the primary role of angiogenesis in the body?
What is the primary role of angiogenesis in the body?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for slowing the heart rate?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for slowing the heart rate?
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What neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate?
What neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate?
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Which cranial nerve is associated with the parasympathetic control of heart rate?
Which cranial nerve is associated with the parasympathetic control of heart rate?
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What role do visceral afferent fibers play in heart function?
What role do visceral afferent fibers play in heart function?
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Which fiber types in the sympathetic nervous system are responsible for heart rate increase?
Which fiber types in the sympathetic nervous system are responsible for heart rate increase?
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Which of the following correctly describes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on heart function?
Which of the following correctly describes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on heart function?
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What is a consequence of obstructed coronary arteries?
What is a consequence of obstructed coronary arteries?
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What effect does acetylcholine have on heart rate?
What effect does acetylcholine have on heart rate?
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What percentage of blood is typically held in veins?
What percentage of blood is typically held in veins?
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What is the main function of capillaries?
What is the main function of capillaries?
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Which type of capillaries are known for being leaky?
Which type of capillaries are known for being leaky?
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What characterizes elastic arteries?
What characterizes elastic arteries?
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Which artery supplies blood to the head, neck, thorax, and arms?
Which artery supplies blood to the head, neck, thorax, and arms?
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What distinguishes muscular arteries from elastic arteries?
What distinguishes muscular arteries from elastic arteries?
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What branches off the descending aorta supply blood to the body?
What branches off the descending aorta supply blood to the body?
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Which type of capillary is most common in muscle tissue?
Which type of capillary is most common in muscle tissue?
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What is microcirculation?
What is microcirculation?
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What type of arteries are dominant in most vessels arising from the aorta?
What type of arteries are dominant in most vessels arising from the aorta?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
- Heart Location: Surface anatomy visualizes heart structures using surface features like palpable landmarks (e.g., the sternum).
- Sternal Angle: Located where the manubrium and body of the sternum meet (manubriosternal junction), ribs 2 articulate here.
- Structures at Sternal Angle: Rib 2, aortic arch, tracheal bifurcation (carina), pulmonary trunk, ligamentum arteriosum, azygous vein, cardiac plexus (nerves of the autonomic nervous system), and thoracic duct.
- Heart Surface Anatomy: Palpable landmarks such as the superior sternal notch, clavicle, second rib, nipple, and xiphoid process are used for orientation and location.
- Observable Landmarks: Xiphoid process, anterior and posterior axillary folds, axillary fossa, ribs, rectus abdominis, linea alba, midaxillary line.
- Imaginary Lines: Midsternal line, midclavicular line, anterior axillary line.
- Triangles of Safety: Used in chest drain procedures to ensure accuracy. It is bordered by the base of axilla, lateral edge of pectoralis major and later edge of latissimus dorsi.
Heart Structure
- Pericardium: Fibrous (outer layer, anchoring), serous (parietal and visceral layer that forms epicardium) layers and pericardial cavity (fluid filled space for smooth heart movement).
- Clinical Correlation: Pericardial effusion (buildup of fluid in the sac) can lead to cardiac tamponade (rapid buildup putting pressure and compressing the heart). Pericarditis (inflammation of pericardium) can also cause fluid buildup.
- Heart Orientation: Heart is shaped like a tilted pyramid and faces slightly left. Its surfaces (anterior, posterior, diaphragmatic, left/right pulmonary) and borders are described in relation to surrounding structures.
- Heart Wall Layers (3): Epicardium (outermost, visceral pericardium), myocardium (middle, thickest layer for contraction), endocardium (innermost, smooth layer in contact with blood).
- Heart Chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
- Valves (four): Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid), Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic).
- Heart Valves: Tricuspid (3 cusps) separates the right atrium and right ventricle, and Bicuspid (2 cusps) separates the left atrium and left ventricle. The pulmonary valve separates the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. The aortic valve separates the left ventricle and aorta.
- Grooves of the Heart: Structures that separate heart chambers internally. Coronary sulcus separates atria and ventricles and interventricular sulcus separates ventricles (anterior and posterior).
- Coronary Circulation (Important): Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart (right and left branches and their branches). The coronary sinus receives deoxygenated blood from the heart.
Mediastinum
- Mediastinum Location: Extending from the base of the neck to slightly before the diaphragm
- Mediastinum Division: Divided into superior, inferior (further divided into anterior, middle, and posterior).
- Major Contents of Mediastinum: Heart, pericardium, great vessels (SVC, IVC, aorta, pulmonary trunk), trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, nerves (vagus, phrenic), thymus (childhood; adipose later).
Coronary Circulation
- Coronary Dominance: Dominance is based on origin of posterior interventricular artery. This is important to know in case of potential obstructions or myocardial infarctions (heart attacks).
- Coronary Artery Branches: Described (Right Coronary and Left Coronary Arteries).
Blood Vessel Anatomy
- Types of Blood Vessels: Arteries (elastic and muscular), veins, capillaries.
- Blood Vessel Layers (Tunica): Tunica externa (outer, connective tissue), tunica media (middle, smooth muscle and elastic fibers), tunica intima (inner, endothelium).
- Capillaries: Specialized for exchange of substances between blood and tissues; their walls are thin (no tunica media).
- Capillary types: Continuous (tight junctions between endothelial cells), fenestrated (pores in endothelial cells), sinusoid (large fenestrations)
- Veins: Thinner walls & larger lumens (lumen, hole), compared to arteries, to hold more blood with less resistance. They have valves, venous return is done by muscle contractions. Venous valves help maintain blood flow direction.
Fetal Circulation
- Fetal Circulation Shunts: Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus. Blood bypasses non-functioning lungs.
- Shunt Closure: these normally close after birth in response to changes in blood oxygen levels and hormone signaling.
Lymphatic System
- Lymphatic Returns: Fluid (lymph) from tissues enters lymphatic capillaries and travels through lymphatic vessels.
- Lymphatic Return: Fluid returns to the blood via the venous circulation, this fluid is filtered through multiple lymph nodes as it returns.
- Cisterna Chyli: Enlarged reservoir of lymph near the beginning of the thoracic duct (for receiving lymph from the gut, leg and abdomen).
Respiratory System Anatomy
- Thorax Structure: Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, costal cartilage, jugular notch, sternal angle (important landmark), these assist in breathing.
- Rib Classification: True ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-10), floating ribs (11-12) based on attachment to the sternum.
- Respiratory Tract: Upper respiratory (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, part of larynx) and Lower respiratory (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs).
- Trachea/Bronchii: Cartilage rings maintain trachea's shape for air passage. Its division into two primary bronchi.
- Respiratory Epithelium: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines most of the respiratory tract (mostly ciliated); simple columnar/cuboidal then squamous in regions further into the respiratory tract.
- Lungs: Divided into lobes. The right lung has 3 lobes, and the left has 2.
- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
- Pleura: Thin membranes around the lungs that facilitate breathing and prevent friction against the inner wall of the chest
Thoracic Muscles
- Inhalation Muscles (primary): Diaphragm (major mover) and external intercostal muscles.
- Inhalation/Exhalation Accessory Muscles: Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, and scalene muscles (for active inspiration). External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis for forced exhalation.
- Diaphragm Structure: Dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, important for breathing. Its movement (contraction and relaxation expands or compresses the thoracic cavity) changes lung volume.
- Intercostal Muscles: Between ribs, they assist in breathing and are responsible for the lateral expansion during breathing, including during active inhalation or exhalation.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of the cardiovascular system's anatomy, including heart location, surface features, and anatomical landmarks. Explore the significance of the sternal angle and various observable structures that aid in understanding cardiovascular health and interventions.
