CVR Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the conchae in the nasal passages?

  • To produce mucus for the respiratory tract
  • To filter out dirt from the air
  • To assist in the production of sound
  • To increase surface area and warm the air (correct)

    • Which joints are formed by each rib in relation to the vertebrae?

  • Zygapophyseal joint and lumbosacral joint
  • Sacroiliac joint and intervertebral joint
  • Atlantooccipital joint and atlantoaxial joint
  • Costovertebral joint and costotransverse joint (correct)

    • How many demi-facets does each thoracic vertebra have for rib interaction?

  • Two demi-facets (correct)
  • Four demi-facets
  • One demi-facet
  • Three demi-facets

    • Which portion of the respiratory tract includes the trachea and bronchi?

    <p>Lower respiratory tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures border the oral cavity?

    <p>Hard palate and soft palate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the coronary sinus?

    <p>To receive venous drainage from various cardiac veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery typically supplies the SA node in most individuals?

    <p>Right Coronary Artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines coronary dominance?

    <p>The origin of the posterior interventricular artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the branches of the Left Coronary Artery?

    <p>It divides into anterior interventricular and circumflex branches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins directly drains into the right atrium?

    <p>Anterior cardiac vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of coronary artery supply, what is a characteristic of co-dominance?

    <p>Both RCA and LCA have equal distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the right coronary artery?

    <p>It descends vertically between the right atrium and right ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes true ribs from false ribs?

    <p>True ribs articulate with the sternum using their own costal cartilages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?

    <p>Ribs 11 and 12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of atypical ribs 1 and 2?

    <p>Rib 1 is shorter and wider with one facet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rib is described as having a roughened area on its upper surface?

    <p>Rib 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature do typical ribs possess?

    <p>A distinct neck and tubercle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the costal groove in typical ribs?

    <p>To protect blood vessels and nerves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the thoracic vertebrae change as one moves down the body?

    <p>They increase in size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a classification of ribs?

    <p>Lateral ribs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lower facet on a typical rib's head?

    <p>It articulates with the corresponding vertebra. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of rib 10 compared to other ribs?

    <p>It has only one facet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of angiogenesis in the body?

    <p>Creating new blood vessel branches for enhanced blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for slowing the heart rate?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate?

    <p>Noradrenaline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is associated with the parasympathetic control of heart rate?

    <p>Vagus nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do visceral afferent fibers play in heart function?

    <p>Linking pain to referred areas in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber types in the sympathetic nervous system are responsible for heart rate increase?

    <p>Presynaptic fibers from T1-T4 and post synaptic fibers from cervical and superior thoracic ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on heart function?

    <p>Increases heart rate and force of contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of obstructed coronary arteries?

    <p>Reduced heart muscle oxygenation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does acetylcholine have on heart rate?

    <p>Decreases heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood is typically held in veins?

    <p>70-80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of capillaries?

    <p>Deliver nutrient-rich blood to tissues and remove waste (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of capillaries are known for being leaky?

    <p>Discontinuous capillaries (A), Fenestrated capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes elastic arteries?

    <p>Contain many elastic fibers in the tunica media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the head, neck, thorax, and arms?

    <p>Brachiocephalic artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes muscular arteries from elastic arteries?

    <p>They are dominant in peripheral circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What branches off the descending aorta supply blood to the body?

    <p>Branches that supply the upper and lower body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of capillary is most common in muscle tissue?

    <p>Continuous capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is microcirculation?

    <p>Blood flow through capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of arteries are dominant in most vessels arising from the aorta?

    <p>Muscular arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Coronary Circulation

    The flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle, providing oxygen and nutrients, and removing waste.

    Coronary Dominance

    The dominance of either the Right Coronary Artery (RCA) or the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) in supplying blood to the posterior wall of the left ventricle.

    Right Coronary Artery (RCA) Branches

    The RCA branches into the SA node branch, right marginal artery, a small branch to the AV node, and the posterior interventricular artery (posterior descending artery).

    Left Coronary Artery (LCA) Branches

    The LCA branches into the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery. The anterior interventricular artery runs down the anterior part of the heart and the circumflex artery curves around to the back.

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    SA Node and AV Node Supply

    The SA node is usually supplied by the RCA, but sometimes by the LCA. The AV node is primarily supplied by the RCA, but occasionally by the LCA

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    Coronary Sinus Drainage

    The coronary sinus receives blood from the great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, and posterior cardiac vein.

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    Anterior Cardiac Vein Drainage

    The anterior cardiac vein drains directly into the right atrium.

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    Angiogenesis

    The process of creating new blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to damaged areas.

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    What does the ANS control?

    The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls the heart beat.

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    Parasympathetic Nervous System

    The part of the ANS that slows down the heart rate.

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    How does the Parasympathetic System slow the heart rate?

    The parasympathetic system releases acetylcholine, which decreases the heart rate.

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    Sympathetic Nervous System

    The part of the ANS that increases the heart rate.

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    How does the Sympathetic System increase the heart rate?

    The sympathetic system releases noradrenaline, which increases the heart rate.

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    T1-T4

    These spinal cord levels contain the presynaptic fibers that control the sympathetic nervous system's effect on the heart.

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    Visceral Afferent Nerves

    These nerves are responsible for the sensation of referred pain.

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    Referred Pain

    Feeling pain in a different location from the source.

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    Vein Function

    Veins are responsible for returning blood to the heart and can hold a large percentage of blood volume (70-80%) without increasing pressure.

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    Capillary Function

    Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels where nutrient-rich blood is delivered to tissues and waste products are removed.

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    Capillary Types

    Capillaries have three main types: fenestrated, continuous, and discontinuous, each with specific structures and permeability properties.

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    Descending Aorta

    The descending aorta continues below the aortic arch supplying blood to the body regions inferior to the diaphragm, divided into thoracic and abdominal sections.

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    What are the functions of the conchae?

    The nasal conchae (turbinate bones) increase the surface area of the nasal passages, allowing for warm air to travel down to the lungs.

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    What are the two types of joints formed by the ribs?

    The ribs form two types of joints: the costovertebral joint between the rib head and vertebrae and the costotransverse joint between the rib tubercle and vertebrae.

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    Costovertebral Joint

    The joint between the head of a rib and the superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae and the inferior costal facet of the vertebrae above.

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    Costotransverse Joint

    The joint between the tubercle of a rib and the transverse process of the corresponding vertebrae.

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    What are the two main parts of the respiratory tract?

    The respiratory tract is divided into the upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx above the vocal cords) and the lower respiratory tract (larynx below the vocal cords, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs).

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    Ribs

    Curved bones that form the rib cage, protecting internal organs and allowing for breathing.

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    True Ribs

    First seven ribs that connect directly to the sternum via their own costal cartilages.

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    False Ribs

    Ribs 8-10 which don't connect directly to the sternum, instead using the costal cartilage of the rib above.

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    Floating Ribs

    Last two ribs (11-12) that aren't attached to the sternum and have no costal cartilage.

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    Typical Ribs

    Ribs 3-9 with a generalized structure including a head, neck, and body.

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    Atypical Ribs

    Ribs with variations from the typical structure, including ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, and 12.

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    Costal Groove

    A groove on the inner surface of the rib body that protects blood vessels and nerves.

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    Tubercule

    A bump on the rib that connects to the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra.

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    Thoracic Vertebrae

    12 vertebrae situated in the chest region, increasing in size as they descend.

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    Rib Facets

    Articulating surfaces on the rib head that allow for connection with the corresponding vertebrae.

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    Study Notes

    Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

    • Heart Location: Surface anatomy visualizes heart structures using surface features like palpable landmarks (e.g., the sternum).
    • Sternal Angle: Located where the manubrium and body of the sternum meet (manubriosternal junction), ribs 2 articulate here.
    • Structures at Sternal Angle: Rib 2, aortic arch, tracheal bifurcation (carina), pulmonary trunk, ligamentum arteriosum, azygous vein, cardiac plexus (nerves of the autonomic nervous system), and thoracic duct.
    • Heart Surface Anatomy: Palpable landmarks such as the superior sternal notch, clavicle, second rib, nipple, and xiphoid process are used for orientation and location.
    • Observable Landmarks: Xiphoid process, anterior and posterior axillary folds, axillary fossa, ribs, rectus abdominis, linea alba, midaxillary line.
    • Imaginary Lines: Midsternal line, midclavicular line, anterior axillary line.
    • Triangles of Safety: Used in chest drain procedures to ensure accuracy. It is bordered by the base of axilla, lateral edge of pectoralis major and later edge of latissimus dorsi.

    Heart Structure

    • Pericardium: Fibrous (outer layer, anchoring), serous (parietal and visceral layer that forms epicardium) layers and pericardial cavity (fluid filled space for smooth heart movement).
    • Clinical Correlation: Pericardial effusion (buildup of fluid in the sac) can lead to cardiac tamponade (rapid buildup putting pressure and compressing the heart). Pericarditis (inflammation of pericardium) can also cause fluid buildup.
    • Heart Orientation: Heart is shaped like a tilted pyramid and faces slightly left. Its surfaces (anterior, posterior, diaphragmatic, left/right pulmonary) and borders are described in relation to surrounding structures.
    • Heart Wall Layers (3): Epicardium (outermost, visceral pericardium), myocardium (middle, thickest layer for contraction), endocardium (innermost, smooth layer in contact with blood).
    • Heart Chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
    • Valves (four): Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid), Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic).
    • Heart Valves: Tricuspid (3 cusps) separates the right atrium and right ventricle, and Bicuspid (2 cusps) separates the left atrium and left ventricle. The pulmonary valve separates the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. The aortic valve separates the left ventricle and aorta.
    • Grooves of the Heart: Structures that separate heart chambers internally. Coronary sulcus separates atria and ventricles and interventricular sulcus separates ventricles (anterior and posterior).
    • Coronary Circulation (Important): Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart (right and left branches and their branches). The coronary sinus receives deoxygenated blood from the heart.

    Mediastinum

    • Mediastinum Location: Extending from the base of the neck to slightly before the diaphragm
    • Mediastinum Division: Divided into superior, inferior (further divided into anterior, middle, and posterior).
    • Major Contents of Mediastinum: Heart, pericardium, great vessels (SVC, IVC, aorta, pulmonary trunk), trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, nerves (vagus, phrenic), thymus (childhood; adipose later).

    Coronary Circulation

    • Coronary Dominance: Dominance is based on origin of posterior interventricular artery. This is important to know in case of potential obstructions or myocardial infarctions (heart attacks).
    • Coronary Artery Branches: Described (Right Coronary and Left Coronary Arteries).

    Blood Vessel Anatomy

    • Types of Blood Vessels: Arteries (elastic and muscular), veins, capillaries.
    • Blood Vessel Layers (Tunica): Tunica externa (outer, connective tissue), tunica media (middle, smooth muscle and elastic fibers), tunica intima (inner, endothelium).
    • Capillaries: Specialized for exchange of substances between blood and tissues; their walls are thin (no tunica media).
    • Capillary types: Continuous (tight junctions between endothelial cells), fenestrated (pores in endothelial cells), sinusoid (large fenestrations)
    • Veins: Thinner walls & larger lumens (lumen, hole), compared to arteries, to hold more blood with less resistance. They have valves, venous return is done by muscle contractions. Venous valves help maintain blood flow direction.

    Fetal Circulation

    • Fetal Circulation Shunts: Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus. Blood bypasses non-functioning lungs.
    • Shunt Closure: these normally close after birth in response to changes in blood oxygen levels and hormone signaling.

    Lymphatic System

    • Lymphatic Returns: Fluid (lymph) from tissues enters lymphatic capillaries and travels through lymphatic vessels.
    • Lymphatic Return: Fluid returns to the blood via the venous circulation, this fluid is filtered through multiple lymph nodes as it returns.
    • Cisterna Chyli: Enlarged reservoir of lymph near the beginning of the thoracic duct (for receiving lymph from the gut, leg and abdomen).

    Respiratory System Anatomy

    • Thorax Structure: Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, costal cartilage, jugular notch, sternal angle (important landmark), these assist in breathing.
    • Rib Classification: True ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-10), floating ribs (11-12) based on attachment to the sternum.
    • Respiratory Tract: Upper respiratory (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, part of larynx) and Lower respiratory (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs).
    • Trachea/Bronchii: Cartilage rings maintain trachea's shape for air passage. Its division into two primary bronchi.
    • Respiratory Epithelium: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines most of the respiratory tract (mostly ciliated); simple columnar/cuboidal then squamous in regions further into the respiratory tract.
    • Lungs: Divided into lobes. The right lung has 3 lobes, and the left has 2.
    • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
    • Pleura: Thin membranes around the lungs that facilitate breathing and prevent friction against the inner wall of the chest

    Thoracic Muscles

    • Inhalation Muscles (primary): Diaphragm (major mover) and external intercostal muscles.
    • Inhalation/Exhalation Accessory Muscles: Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, and scalene muscles (for active inspiration). External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis for forced exhalation.
    • Diaphragm Structure: Dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, important for breathing. Its movement (contraction and relaxation expands or compresses the thoracic cavity) changes lung volume.
    • Intercostal Muscles: Between ribs, they assist in breathing and are responsible for the lateral expansion during breathing, including during active inhalation or exhalation.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the key aspects of the cardiovascular system's anatomy, including heart location, surface features, and anatomical landmarks. Explore the significance of the sternal angle and various observable structures that aid in understanding cardiovascular health and interventions.

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