Anatomy of the Thorax

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Questions and Answers

Which structure drains venous blood from the posterior wall of the abdominal and thoracic cavities?

  • Esophagus
  • Thoracic duct
  • Azygos vein (correct)
  • Descending aorta

What is the main function of the descending aorta?

  • To deliver oxygenated blood to the thorax (correct)
  • To drain lymphatic fluid from the thoracic cavity
  • To drain venous blood from the posterior wall of the abdominal and thoracic cavities
  • To deliver deoxygenated blood to the SVC

Which structure is the largest lymphatic vessel?

  • Azygos vein
  • Esophagus
  • Descending aorta
  • Thoracic duct (correct)

Which nerves travel within the esophagus and course along/in the Celiac ganglion?

<p>Vagus nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sympathetic trunk?

<p>To transmit postganglionic sympathetic neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the sternal angle?

<p>Sternal angle of Louis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the sternal angle located?

<p>At the junction between the manubrium and the sternum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation 'RAT PLANT' stand for?

<p>Rib 2, Aortic arch, Tracheal bifurcation, Pulmonary trunk, Ligamentum arteriosum, Nerves, Thoracic duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thoracic lymphatic duct?

<p>To deliver lymphatic fluid from the thoracic cavity to the left subclavian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the transverse thoracic plane (TTP)?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins drain into the azygos system or internal thoracic vein depending on their location?

<p>Intercostal veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do intercostal arteries supply?

<p>Tissue within intercostal spaces and overlying skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do intercostal nerves provide?

<p>Motor and sensory innervation to intercostal muscles and skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes does the right lung have?

<p>Three (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes does the left lung have?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

<p>At the sternal angle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bronchioles made of?

<p>Cartilage and smooth muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds the heart?

<p>A double-walled pericardial sac (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the heart chambers receive?

<p>Deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium?

<p>The tricuspid valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the thoracic skeleton?

<p>There are 12 pairs of ribs that attach laterally to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about true ribs?

<p>They attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about false ribs?

<p>They attach indirectly to the sternum by superior costal cartilage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about floating ribs?

<p>They attach indirectly to the sternum by superior costal cartilage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about costal cartilage?

<p>It is hyaline cartilage that connects ribs to the sternum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the sternum?

<p>It is made up of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the intercostal muscles?

<p>There are 3 layers of muscles segmentally located between the ribs and costal cartilage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the actions of the intercostal muscles?

<p>The innermost intercostal muscles stiffen the space between the ribs and costal parietal pleura during inspiration/inhalation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the posterior mediastinum?

<p>It contains the wiring for all the systems in the thorax. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the mediastinum?

<p>It is a point midway between the lungs anteriorly and sagittally between the sternum and vertebrae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True ribs (1-7) attach directly to the sternum by ______

<p>costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intercostal muscles 3 layers of muscles segmentally located between the ribs and ______

<p>costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mediastinum is a point midway between the lungs anteriorly and sagittally it is between the sternum and ______

<p>vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descending aorta is the main ______ for delivery of oxygenated blood to the thorax

<p>highway</p> Signup and view all the answers

The azygos vein system drains venous blood from the posterior wall of the abdominal and thoracic ______

<p>cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thoracic duct is the largest ______ vessel; goes from abdominal to thoracic, to the next area; drains into systemic circ.

<p>lymphatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic trunk spans the thoracic cavity superiorly to inferiorly and contains the cell bodies of post ganglionic, sympathetic neuronal cell bodies destined for sweat glands, head, neck, heart, and ______

<p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intercostal veins drain into the ______ system or internal thoracic vein depending on their location.

<p>azygos</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trachea bifurcates at the ______ into the right and left main bronchi, which further divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi.

<p>sternal angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bronchioles are made of cartilage and smooth muscles that control the amount of oxygen reaching the blood in the ______ sacs.

<p>alveolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart is surrounded by a double-walled pericardial sac, consisting of fibrous and ______ layers.

<p>serous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Intercostal Veins

Veins located between the ribs that drain into either the azygos system or the internal thoracic vein, depending on their position.

Intercostal Arteries

Arteries responsible for supplying blood to tissues within the intercostal spaces and the overlying skin.

Intercostal Nerves

Nerves that provide both motor (muscle control) and sensory (feeling) innervation to the intercostal muscles and overlying skin.

Lobes of the Right Lung

The right lung has three lobes: upper, middle, and lower, separated by horizontal and oblique fissures.

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Lobes of the Left Lung

The left lung has two lobes: upper and lower, and a projection called the lingula.

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Trachea

The main airway that splits at the sternal angle into the right and left main bronchi.

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Right and Left Main Bronchi

The two primary branches of the trachea that lead to the right and left lungs.

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Secondary Bronchi

Smaller branches of the bronchi that further divide into tertiary bronchi.

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Tertiary Bronchi

Even smaller branches of the secondary bronchi that deliver air to the alveoli.

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Bronchioles

Tiny air passages in the lungs composed of cartilage and smooth muscles that regulate airflow to the alveoli.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Pericardial Sac

The sac that encloses the heart, composed of two layers: fibrous and serous.

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Fibrous Pericardium

The outer layer of the pericardial sac, providing structural support.

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Serous Pericardium

The inner layer of the pericardial sac, composed of two layers: parietal and visceral, with fluid between them.

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Right Atrium

The upper chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

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Right Ventricle

The lower chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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Left Atrium

The upper chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

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Left Ventricle

The lower chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

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Tricuspid Valve

A valve that prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

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Bicuspid Valve

A valve that prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

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Aortic Valve

A valve that prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta.

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Pulmonary Trunk

The large vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

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Pulmonary Arteries

The vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

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Pulmonary Veins

The vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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Aorta

The large vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

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Study Notes

Anatomy of the Heart, Lungs, and Airways

  • Intercostal veins drain into the azygos system or internal thoracic vein depending on their location.
  • Intercostal arteries supply tissue within intercostal spaces and overlying skin.
  • Intercostal nerves provide motor and sensory innervation to intercostal muscles and skin.
  • The right lung has three lobes separated by horizontal and oblique fissures, while the left lung has two lobes and a lingula.
  • The trachea bifurcates at the sternal angle into the right and left main bronchi, which further divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi.
  • Bronchioles are made of cartilage and smooth muscles that control the amount of oxygen reaching the blood in the alveolar sacs.
  • The heart is surrounded by a double-walled pericardial sac, consisting of fibrous and serous layers.
  • The heart chambers receive deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus.
  • The right atrium contains the fossa ovalis and the tricuspid valve, which prevents backflow of blood into the atrium.
  • The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries.
  • The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and contains the bicuspid valve.
  • The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta through the aortic valve, which prevents backflow.

Anatomy of the Heart, Lungs, and Airways

  • Intercostal veins drain into the azygos system or internal thoracic vein depending on their location.
  • Intercostal arteries supply tissue within intercostal spaces and overlying skin.
  • Intercostal nerves provide motor and sensory innervation to intercostal muscles and skin.
  • The right lung has three lobes separated by horizontal and oblique fissures, while the left lung has two lobes and a lingula.
  • The trachea bifurcates at the sternal angle into the right and left main bronchi, which further divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi.
  • Bronchioles are made of cartilage and smooth muscles that control the amount of oxygen reaching the blood in the alveolar sacs.
  • The heart is surrounded by a double-walled pericardial sac, consisting of fibrous and serous layers.
  • The heart chambers receive deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus.
  • The right atrium contains the fossa ovalis and the tricuspid valve, which prevents backflow of blood into the atrium.
  • The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries.
  • The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and contains the bicuspid valve.
  • The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta through the aortic valve, which prevents backflow.

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