Anatomy of the Heart

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Questions and Answers

A patient with a family history of heart disease and a sedentary lifestyle is concerned about their risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD). Which combination of lifestyle modifications would be most effective in reducing their risk?

Begin a regular exercise program focusing on moderate-intensity aerobic activity and adopt a diet low in saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium. (correct)
Start smoking cessation combined with increased alcohol consumption to manage stress and maintain a high-sodium diet to prevent low blood pressure.
Focus solely on stress reduction techniques while maintaining current diet and exercise habits.
Increase saturated fat intake to improve energy levels and reduce stress by limiting social interactions to avoid emotional triggers.

An individual with type 2 diabetes and a history of smoking is looking for advice on managing their risk factors for heart disease. Besides quitting smoking and managing blood sugar, which of the following strategies should be prioritized to reduce their cardiovascular risk?

Maintaining a sedentary lifestyle to avoid potential injuries.
Consuming a diet high in trans fats to increase energy levels.
Ignoring cholesterol levels as diabetes management is sufficient.
Adopting a diet low in saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium, alongside regular physical activity. (correct)

A 60-year-old woman, post-menopause, discovers she has high cholesterol during a routine check-up. She is not overweight, exercises moderately, and has no family history of heart disease. What should be her initial approach to managing her high cholesterol?

Increase the intensity and frequency of her exercise routine and modify her diet to further reduce saturated and trans fats. (correct)
Adopt a diet high in saturated fats to increase HDL cholesterol levels.
Immediately start high-intensity statin medication.
Discontinue exercise to lower the risk of any cardiovascular events induced by physical activity.

A middle-aged executive with a high-stress job and a habit of frequently eating fast food seeks advice on preventing heart disease. Beyond stress management techniques, what dietary changes would be most beneficial for this individual?

Adopt a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while reducing saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, and sodium. (A) Signup and view all the answers

An individual who consumes alcohol regularly and has recently been diagnosed with Stage 1 hypertension is looking for guidance on lifestyle modifications to manage their blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease. Which recommendation aligns best with current guidelines?

Limit alcohol consumption and monitor blood pressure regularly. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart's chambers and associated vessels?

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with mitral valve stenosis. Which of the following describes the most likely effect of this condition on the heart's function?

Reduced blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. (D) Signup and view all the answers

During ventricular systole, what is the state of the atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar valves, and what is the primary function of the chordae tendineae?

AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are open; chordae tendineae prevent AV valve inversion. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a blockage in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery, which area of the heart is most likely to be affected?

Left ventricle and interventricular septum. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the heart's contractile pumping action, and what type of tissue primarily composes this layer?

Myocardium; composed of cardiac muscle tissue. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pericardium, and what could be the consequence of fluid accumulation within the pericardial cavity?

Prevents overdistension; cardiac tamponade. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with chest pain due to myocardial ischemia. Which of the following best describes the underlying cause of this condition?

Reduced blood supply to the heart muscle. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly matches a heart valve with its location and function?

Pulmonary valve: Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery; prevents backflow into the ventricle. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A patient experiencing a myocardial infarction in the anterior wall of the left ventricle likely has a blockage in which coronary artery?

Left anterior descending artery (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of intercalated discs and gap junctions found in cardiac muscle tissue?

To facilitate rapid electrical and mechanical communication between cardiac cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

If the sinoatrial (SA) node fails, what structure would most likely take over as the secondary pacemaker of the heart?

Atrioventricular (AV) node (C) Signup and view all the answers

The 'lub' sound (S1) is associated with the closure of which valves?

Mitral and tricuspid valves (C) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does ventricular filling primarily occur?

Ventricular diastole (D) Signup and view all the answers

What effect would an increase in afterload have on stroke volume, assuming other factors remain constant?

Stroke volume would decrease (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate by releasing norepinephrine?

Sympathetic nervous system (D) Signup and view all the answers

Plaque buildup in the coronary arteries is the primary cause of which heart disease?

Coronary artery disease (A) Signup and view all the answers

Shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles are common symptoms of which heart condition?

Either valve disease, cardiomyopathy or heart failure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common underlying cause of arrthymias?

Problems with the heart's electical system (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with a heart valve that does not fully open, restricting blood flow. What condition does this describe?

Stenosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Low blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart?

Pericarditis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate cardiac output (CO)?

$CO = HR \times SV$ (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following congenital heart defects involves an abnormal opening between the right and left atria?

Atrial septal defect (ASD) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

High cholesterol

Fatty substance that can build up in arteries, increasing heart disease risk.

Smoking

Damages blood vessels and elevates the risk of blood clot formation.