Anatomy of the Eye: Sclera and Iris

Sclera

• The sclera is the white, opaque, outermost fibrous coating of the eye.
• It provides structural support and protection for the inner components of the eye.
• The sclera covers most of the eyeball, except for the cornea, and is continuous with the cornea at the front of the eye.
• It is composed of dense connective tissue, primarily collagen, which makes it tough and resilient.
• The sclera also serves as an attachment point for the extraocular muscles, which control eye movement.

Ciliary Body

• The ciliary body is part of the eye's middle layer.
• It is responsible for producing aqueous humor.
• It contains the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens.

Iris

• The iris is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil.
• It controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.

Choroid

• The choroid is the vascular layer of the eye, located between the sclera and the retina.
• It provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina.

Homologous Chromosomes

• Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same structure and size and carry genes for the same traits at corresponding positions (loci).
• In diploid organisms, one chromosome of each homologous pair is inherited from the mother and the other from the father.
• These chromosomes pair up during meiosis, the process of cell division that results in the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells).
• Homologous chromosomes ensure the proper segregation of genetic material to offspring.
• Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).

X-Chromosomes

• X-chromosomes are sex chromosomes that determine female sex characteristics in organisms with XY sex-determination systems.
• Females typically have two X-chromosomes.

Y-Chromosomes

• Y-chromosomes are sex chromosomes that determine male sex characteristics in organisms with XY sex-determination systems.
• Males typically have one X and one Y chromosome.

Ryder Cup

• The Ryder Cup is a biennial men's golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States.
• The event is named after the English businessman Samuel Ryder, who donated the trophy.

Ranji Trophy

• The Ranji Trophy is a domestic first-class cricket championship played in India.
• It is named after Ranjitsinhji, the famous Indian cricketer.

The Ashes

• The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia.
• It is one of the oldest and most celebrated rivalries in international cricket.

Deodhar Trophy

• The Deodhar Trophy is a List A cricket competition in Indian domestic cricket.
• It is named after Prof. D.B. Deodhar, a prominent figure in Indian cricket.

Virupaksha Temple

• The Virupaksha Temple is located in Hampi, Karnataka, India.
• It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, who is worshipped here as Virupaksha.
• "Virupaksha" means 'the one with the oblique eye.'
• The temple is a prominent religious structure and has been in worship since its inception in the 7th century.
• It underwent significant expansions during the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries.
• The temple was built by Lakkan Dandesha, a nayaka under the ruler Deva Raya II, also known as Prauda Deva Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Mettur Dam

• The Mettur Dam is constructed across the Cauvery River.
• It is one of the largest and oldest dams in India, completed in 1934.
• Located in the Salem district of Tamil Nadu, it plays a crucial role in irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.
• The dam creates the Stanley Reservoir, which is vital for the agricultural activities in the region.
• The reservoir provides irrigation to around 2,71,000 acres of land in the Cauvery Delta.

Mahanadi

• This river flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha.
• The Hirakud Dam, one of the longest dams in the world, is built across the Mahanadi River.

Sindhu (Indus)

• One of the longest rivers in the world, it flows through China (Tibet), India, and Pakistan.
• The river is historically significant as the cradle of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Bhavani

• A major tributary of the Cauvery River, it originates from the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu.
• The Bhavani Sagar Dam is built on this river, which is one of the largest earthen dams in the world.