Questions and Answers
True or false: The vena cava foramen is located at T8
True
True or false: The central tendon of the diaphragm is primarily pulled upon when the muscle fibers concentrically contract
True
True or false: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia occurs when connective tissues of hemi-diaphragms fuse properly
False
True or false: The phrenic nerves provide motor innervation to the entire diaphragm
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True or false: The dome of the diaphragm may rise as high as the level of the 4th intercostal space at rest
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True or false: The recoil of the lungs after expiration causes the diaphragm to move lower into the thoracic cavity
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True or false: The pectoralis major and pectoralis minor act as accessory muscles of respiration
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True or false: The SAP block targets the medial cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves
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True or false: The scalene muscles primarily act on the vertebral column
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True or false: The sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve
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True or false: Ribs 11 and 12 do not have tubercles and do not articulate with the sternum.
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True or false: The sternal attachment is at a higher level than the vertebral articulation.
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True or false: The manubrium lies in the same plane as the 2nd thoracic vertebra.
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True or false: The xiphoid process begins as hyaline cartilage and ossifies into bone after age 40.
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True or false: The jugular notch is located between the medial ends of the clavicles.
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True or false: The sternal angle correlates with the start and end of the aortic arch.
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True or false: The diaphragm is the primary muscle of expiration.
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True or false: The diaphragm is embryologically derived from three separate hemi-diaphragms.
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True or false: The right hemi-diaphragm is normally slightly lower than the left.
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True or false: Incapacitation of one hemi-diaphragm may result in ipsilateral diaphragm paralysis and paradoxical movement.
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True or false: The diaphragm aids in venous return by causing pressure changes in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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True or false: Infants' ribs are oblique in orientation.
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True or false: The middle intercostal muscles are primarily responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration.
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True or false: The lungs are composed of two lobes on the right side and three lobes on the left side.
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True or false: The parietal pleura is insensitive to pain and contains no pain receptors.
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True or false: The mediastinum contains the lungs and is bounded by the superior rib, sternum, mediastinal parietal pleurae, thoracic vertebral column, and diaphragm.
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True or false: The superior mediastinum contains the esophagus, vagus and phrenic nerves, and part of the thymus.
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True or false: Disruption of the pleural cavity can result in bronchopulmonary fistula, but not in hemothorax.
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True or false: The inferior mediastinum contains the azygos system of veins and sympathetic nerves.
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True or false: The pleural recesses are potential spaces within the pleural reflections where pleural fluid accumulates during forced breathing.
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True or false: The hilum is the area on the mediastinal surface of each lung where structures of the root of the lung enter or exit.
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True or false: The superficial intercostal muscles are active during expiration and depress the ribs.
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True or false: The pleural cavities contain a thick lubricating film of pleural fluid.
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True or false: The deep intercostal muscles, located in the deep layer, facilitate active inspiration.
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True or false: The upper respiratory system includes the trachea and bronchi.
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True or false: The conducting airways have alveoli and participate in gas exchange.
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True or false: The thoracic inlet is a broad inferior thoracic aperture.
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True or false: Scoliosis is an example of altered structure related to pathophysiology.
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True or false: The lower respiratory system includes the mouth and pharynx.
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True or false: The sternum is a cone-shaped bone.
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True or false: The diaphragm is the primary muscle of expiration.
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True or false: The ribs articulate with the sternum at the tubercles.
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True or false: The alveolar sacs are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
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True or false: The central tendon of the diaphragm is primarily pulled upon when the muscle fibers concentrically contract.
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Study Notes
- The text discusses the anatomy of the thoracic wall, the lungs, and the pleural cavities.
- Intercostal muscles, located between the ribs, are responsible for respiration and maintaining the integrity of the thoracic wall.
- The superficial intercostal muscles, also known as the external intercostals, are active during inspiration and elevate the ribs. The middle intercostals are involved in accessory expiration and depress the ribs. The deep intercostals, located in the deep layer, facilitate active expiration.
- The lungs are the organs of gas exchange and occupy most of the thoracic cavity. They are composed of three lobes on the right side and two lobes on the left side.
- The hilum is the area on the mediastinal surface of each lung where structures of the root of the lung enter or exit.
- The pleural cavities are potential spaces that contain a thin lubricating film of pleural fluid and prevent alveolar collapse.
- The parietal pleura is the external serous membrane that lines the internal thoracic wall, while the visceral pleura is the internal serous membrane attached to the lung surface.
- The pleural cavity contains two layers of serous membranes, creating a potential space that contains only pleural fluid.
- The parietal pleura is sensitive to pain and is innervated by intercostal nerves and phrenic nerves. The visceral pleura is insensitive to pain and contains no pain receptors.
- The text also discusses the boundaries and contents of the mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavity that contains all thoracic viscera except the lungs.
- The superior mediastinum contains the trachea, aortic arch, and its branches, while the inferior mediastinum is further divided into anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum, each containing specific structures.
- The text also mentions the costal reflections and pleural recesses, which are potential spaces within the pleural reflections where pleural fluid accumulates during quiet breathing.
- Disruption of the pleural cavity can result in pulmonary collapse, such as pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary fistula, hemothorax, or hydrothorax.
- The mediastinum contains all thoracic viscera except the lungs and is bounded by the superior rib, sternum, mediastinal parietal pleurae, thoracic vertebral column, and diaphragm.
- The anatomic region is further divided into superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum, which are further subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum.
- The superior mediastinum contains the trachea, aortic arch, and its branches, esophagus, vagus and phrenic nerves, and part of the thymus.
- The inferior mediastinum contains the heart, pericardial sac, structures vertically traversing the thorax, such as the descending thoracic aorta, azygos system of veins, and vagus and sympathetic nerves.
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