Diaphragm Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the respiratory system lies above the vocal cords?

Alveoli

Nose (correct)

Bronchi

Larynx

Which part of the respiratory system lies below the vocal cords?

Pharynx

Trachea (correct)

Bronchi

Larynx

What is the primary function of conducting airways in the respiratory system?

Contain no alveoli

Are related to the presence of alveoli

Transmit bulk flow and end at terminal bronchioles (correct)

Participate in gas exchange (diffusion)

How many thoracic vertebrae are present in the thoracic skeleton?

12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the example of pathophysiology related to altered structure in the thoracic skeleton?

Scoliosis Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system participates in gas exchange through diffusion?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the narrow superior thoracic aperture called?

Thoracic inlet Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional characteristics of the thoracic skeleton?

Strength to protect organs of thorax and flexibility for ventilation movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the division of airways that lies above the vocal cords related to?

Upper respiratory system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of respiratory airways in the respiratory system?

Participate in gas exchange (diffusion) Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration?

Superficial intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes are present in the left lung?

Two Signup and view all the answers

Which structure marks the area on the mediastinal surface of each lung where structures of the root of the lung enter or exit?

Hilum Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the pleural cavities is true?

They prevent alveolar collapse by containing a thin lubricating film of pleural fluid. Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the parietal pleura and is sensitive to pain?

Phrenic nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is contained within the superior mediastinum?

Esophagus Signup and view all the answers

What is found in the inferior mediastinum?

Pericardial sac Signup and view all the answers

What can result from disruption of the pleural cavity?

Pulmonary collapse Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for quiet breathing at rest?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the deep intercostal muscles?

Active expiration. Signup and view all the answers

What lines the internal thoracic wall?

Parietal pleura Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the thymus is contained within the superior mediastinum?

Anterior aspect Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs do not articulate with the sternum?

Ribs 11 and 12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

In which dermatome is the nipple located?

T4 dermatome Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the xiphoid process ossify into bone?

40 Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sternum lies in the same plane as the 2nd thoracic vertebra?

Manubrium Signup and view all the answers

Where is the sternal angle located?

Junction of manubrium and body of the sternum Signup and view all the answers

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

$Diaphragm$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum called?

$Sternal$ angle or manubriosternal joint Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs articulate anteriorly with the body of the sternum?

$3rd–6th$ pairs Signup and view all the answers

What marks the division of the breasts superficially?

Intermammary cleft Signup and view all the answers

What does the diaphragm aid in during respiration?

Venous return by causing pressure changes in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs attach directly to the sternum?

True ribs (1st–7th) Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure primarily pulled upon when the diaphragm's muscle fibers concentrically contract?

Central tendon Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles that can assist in inspiration by elevating the first and second ribs?

C3-C8 nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle, when innervated, can assist in inspiration by elevating the rib cage?

Sternocleidomastoid Signup and view all the answers

In which condition does herniation of abdominal viscera through a defect typically occur on the left side due to the liver being on the right?

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Signup and view all the answers

What are the three regions of origin of the muscular portion of the diaphragm?

Lumbar part, costal part, sternal part Signup and view all the answers

Which opening allows passage of structures from the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity at the level of T8?

Vena cava foramen (caval opening) Signup and view all the answers

'Accessory Muscles of Respiration- Thorax' refers to which type of muscles that function as accessory muscles of respiration when inspiration is deep and forceful?

Superficial anterior thoracic muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is true about regional Anesthesia of Accessory Muscles of Respiration- Thorax?

The pectoralis nerve (pecs) block targets the lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the dome of the diaphragm to descend 2 spaces bilaterally when contracted?

The recoil of lungs after expiration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

– Severe kyphoscoliosis can impact respiratory function – Rib anatomy:

A typical rib consists of a head, neck, body, tubercles, facets, and articulations
Ribs 11 and 12 do not have tubercles and do not articulate with the sternum – Ribs and their posterior articulations:
Posteriorly, ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae
Head and necks of ribs 2–9 articulate with two vertebral bodies and the centrum of the next superior vertebra
Rib 1 articulates only with T1
Tubercle of rib articulates with costal facets of adjacent thoracic vertebral transverse processes – Three types of ribs:
True ribs (1st–7th) attach directly to the sternum
False ribs (8th, 9th, and usually 10th) have indirect attachment to the sternum
Floating ribs (11th and 12th) have no sternal connection

– Ribs and their anterior articulations:

Ribs 1–10 articulate anteriorly with the sternum
1st pair articulates with the manubrium, 2nd pair with manubrium and body, 3rd–6th pairs with the body, and 7th pair with the body and xiphoid process
8th–10th pairs attach to the 7th costal cartilage

– Rib orientation is oblique

In adults, ribs course in an oblique, inferior direction from their thoracic vertebral articulation to their anterior sternal articulation
Infants’ ribs are horizontal
The sternal attachment is at a lower level than the vertebral articulation

– Sternum anatomy:

The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
Manubrium is the uppermost portion, lies in the same plane as the 2nd thoracic vertebra, and is where the tip of the endotracheal tube should be located
Body is the largest portion and is formed by four sternabrae
Xiphoid process is the lowermost and smallest portion and begins as hyaline cartilage, ossifying into bone after age 40

– Surface anatomy of the anterior thoracic wall:

Clavicle and the thoracic cage provide surface landmarks
Jugular notch is located between the medial ends of the clavicles
Intermammary cleft superficially marks the division of the breasts
Cutaneous innervation of the anterior thoracic wall is from ventral rami and forms dermatomes, with the nipple in the T4 dermatome, xiphoid process in the T6 dermatome, and umbilicus in the T10 dermatome

– Sternal angle:

The junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum is known as the sternal angle or the manubriosternal joint and correlates with several structures, including the carina of the trachea, the start and end of the aortic arch, and the border between the superior and inferior mediastina, as well as the thoracic duct shifting to the left of the esophagus.

– Functions of the diaphragm:

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration, with its contribution varying based on body position
It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
During respiration, it flattens and increases the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity
It aids in venous return by causing pressure changes in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

– Diaphragm functional characteristics:

The diaphragm is not a single muscle but is embryologically derived from two separate hemi-diaphragms that fuse during gestation
The right hemi-diaphragm is normally slightly higher than the left, with the right dome resting on the liver and the left dome resting on the fundus of the stomach.

– Under abnormal conditions, one hemi-diaphragm may be incapacitated, resulting in ipsilateral diaphragm paralysis and paradoxical movement when viewed by fluoroscopy.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the anatomical features, openings, and origins of the diaphragm with this quiz. Identify the locations and structures associated with the thoracic and abdominal cavities.