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Anatomy of the Back and Vertebral Column
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Anatomy of the Back and Vertebral Column

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Questions and Answers

What is the largest number of vertebrae found in any region of the vertebral column?

  • 12 thoracic vertebrae (correct)
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae
  • Variable in each individual
  • 7 cervical vertebrae

    • Which of the following is NOT a common vertebral morphology feature?

  • Spinal nerve attachment (correct)
  • Transverse process - lateral bony process
  • Body- anterior portion
  • Vertebral foramen - space for spinal cord

    • Which region of the vertebral column contains a fused bone structure?

  • Sacrum (correct)
  • Coccyx
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Cervical vertebrae

    • What is the posterior bony process found in vertebrae called?

    <p>Spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament in the vertebral column connects adjacent laminae of vertebrae and limits flexion?

    <p>Ligamenta flava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Anterior longitudinal ligament in the vertebral column?

    <p>Prevents hyperextension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In abnormal curvatures of the spine, what is excessive Kyphosis primarily characterized by?

    <p>Excessive anterior curvature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement is limited by the Ligamenta flava in the vertebral column?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the intervertebral disc is composed of an outer circular fibrous ring?

    <p>Annulus fibrosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the Dimples located that overlie the posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS)?

    <p>T4 SP site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the rhomboid major muscle?

    <p>Elevates the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the serratus posterior inferior muscle?

    <p>Dorsal scapular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary of the Triangle of Auscultation?

    <p>Trapezius (superior)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles belong to the intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries contribute to the blood supply of Levator Scapulae and Rhomboids?

    <p>Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery and Deep branch of transverse cervical artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Serratus posterior superior muscle?

    <p>Elevates the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscles are the Intrinsic muscles in the back?

    <p>True or intrinsic muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of the humerus?

    <p>Trapezius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the Extrinsic muscles develop from?

    <p>Ventral surface of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Rhomboid minor muscle?

    <p>Elevates the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has its origin on the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, and ligamentum nuchae?

    <p>Trapezius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation for the splenius capitis muscle?

    <p>Posterior rami of spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is responsible for extending the vertebral column and head bilaterally?

    <p>Erector spinae group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the multifidus muscle?

    <p>Posterior sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is performed by the splenius cervicis muscle when contracting bilaterally?

    <p>Extends the head and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the semispinalis capitis muscle?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the transversospinales muscles?

    <p>Dorsal rami of spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic anatomical feature of vertebrae that provides space for the spinal cord?

    <p>Vertebral foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the vertebral column is characterized by having the largest vertebrae?

    <p>Thoracic vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the transversospinales muscles in relation to the vertebral column?

    <p>Rotation of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extrinsic back muscle is primarily responsible for retracting and stabilizing the scapula?

    <p>Trapezius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the anterior portion of a vertebra that provides support and structure?

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the intervertebral disc serves to protect the nucleus pulposus from falling out?

    <p>Anterior longitudinal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In abnormal spinal curvatures, what is excessive lordosis primarily associated with?

    <p>Excessive lumbar curvature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament runs on the surface of the anterior bodies and IV discs from C2 to sacrum within the spinal canal?

    <p>Posterior longitudinal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Ligamenta flava in the vertebral column?

    <p>Limits extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the site of the external occipital protuberance located in relation to the spinous processes of the vertebrae?

    <p>C7 SP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle layer of the back is innervated by the dorsal ram and is responsible for respiration?

    <p>Deep muscle layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebra lacks a body and supports the skull?

    <p>C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebra articulates with the occipital condyles?

    <p>C1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebra features the largest vertebral foramen?

    <p>C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebra has transverse processes with foramens transmitting arteries and veins?

    <p>C7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebra has the longest spinous process known as vertebra prominens?

    <p>C5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the Semispinalis group of muscles when contracting bilaterally?

    <p>Extends the head and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Semispinalis capitis muscle originate?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for laterally flexing the neck when contracted unilaterally?

    <p>Iliocostalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Splenius cervicis muscle insert?

    <p>Ligamentum nuchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Spinotransversales muscles?

    <p>Dorsal rami of spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Transversospinales muscles when contracting bilaterally?

    <p>Extends vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Levator scapulae muscle?

    <p>Dorsal scapular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the Intrinsic muscles of the back originate developmentally?

    <p>Dorsum of the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists in elevating, adducting/retracting, and depressing the scapula?

    <p>Trapezius muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the Rhomboid major muscle?

    <p>Elevates the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary rami innervate the Extrinsic muscles?

    <p>Ventral primary rami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the insertion point of the Trapezius muscle?

    <p>Lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebra lacks a body and supports the skull?

    <p>C1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebra features the largest vertebral foramen?

    <p>C7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebra has the longest spinous process known as vertebra prominens?

    <p>C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure transmits the vertebral arteries and veins through foramens in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Transverse processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebra articulates with the occipital condyles?

    <p>C1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the C2 (Axis) cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Pivoting for rotation of the atlas and skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebral region consists of bodies that are thick and robust, with triangular vertebral foramina?

    <p>Lumbar Vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed from 5 fused vertebrae in adults and articulates with L5 above and coccyx below?

    <p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are the Atlanto-occipital and Atlanto-axial joints?

    <p>Craniovertebral joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the vertebral column is primarily responsible for supporting the weight of the body?

    <p>Lumbar Vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament holds the dens of the axis to the atlas, allowing for rotation of the head?

    <p>Transverse ligament of atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Ligamenta flava in the vertebral column?

    <p>Connect adjacent laminae of vertebrae and limit flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In abnormal spinal curvatures, what is excessive kyphosis primarily associated with?

    <p>Primary curvature of the thoracic and sacral regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the intervertebral disc serves to protect the nucleus pulposus from falling out?

    <p>Annulus fibrosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the Semispinalis group of muscles when contracting bilaterally?

    <p>Rotation of the head and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament in the vertebral column runs on the surface of anterior bodies and IV discs from C2 to sacrum within the spinal canal?

    <p>Posterior longitudinal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the vertebral column contains a fused bone structure?

    <p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of primary rami innervates the Extrinsic muscles in the back?

    <p>Ventral primary rami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the Intrinsic muscles in the back originate developmentally?

    <p>In the dorsum of the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of the humerus?

    <p>Trapezius muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the Levator scapulae muscle?

    <p>Superior portion of medial border of scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Rhomboid major muscle?

    <p>Dorsal scapular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Rhomboid minor muscle originate from?

    <p>Nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle in the Semispinalis group spans 4-6 segments and attaches to the occipital bone and spinous processes in the thoracic and cervical regions?

    <p>Semispinalis thoracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Splenius cervicis muscle insert?

    <p>TV of C1-C3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle in the Erector Spinae group originates from the posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacroiliac ligaments, and spinous processes of lower lumbar and sacral vertebrae?

    <p>Spinalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is responsible for laterally flexing the neck when contracted unilaterally?

    <p>Semispinalis group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Semispinalis capitis muscle originate?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates at the angles of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes?

    <p>Spinalis Iliocostalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vertebral Column

    • 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 fused sacral vertebrae, and 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
    • Vertebral foramen: space for spinal cord
    • Transverse process: lateral bony process
    • Spinous process: posterior bony process

    Zygapophysial Joints

    • Between articular processes (superior and inferior) and synovial sonora
    • Intervertebral joints: between intervertebral discs and vertebral body, shock-absorbing, semi-moveable joint
    • IV disc composed of:
      • Annulus fibrosus
      • Nucleus pulposus (jelly-like substance)
    • Annulus fibrosus protects nucleus pulposus from falling out

    Movement of the Spine

    • Cervical: flexion, extension, lateral flexion (limited), rotation
    • Thoracic: rotation
    • Lumbar: flexion, extension, lateral flexion (limited)

    Ligaments of the Vertebral Column

    • Ligamenta flava: connect adjacent laminae of vertebrae, limit flexion
    • Anterior longitudinal ligament: anterior bodies and IV discs from skull to sacrum, prevents hyperextension
    • Posterior longitudinal ligament: posterior bodies and IV discs from C2 to sacrum, prevents hyperflexion

    Abnormal Curvatures

    • Excessive Kyphosis: curvature of the spine, develops in early embryo in thoracic and sacral regions
    • Excessive Lordosis: lumbar curvature, develops in early embryo
    • Scoliosis: lateral curvature of the spine

    Intervertebral Discs

    • Composed of:
      • Annulus fibrosus
      • Nucleus pulposus
    • Function: shock-absorbing, semi-moveable joint

    Clinical Correlates

    • Herniated Nucleus Pulposus: clinical correlate of IV disc pathology

    Surface Anatomy

    • Nuchal ligament: C7, site of external occipital protuberance
    • Spinous processes: T1, T2, T4
    • Supraspinous ligament: T4
    • Dimples overlying posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS)

    Muscle Layers of the Back

    • Superficial: extrinsic muscles (innervated by ventral primary rami or CN XI)
    • Intermediate: extrinsic muscles
    • Deep: intrinsic muscles (innervated by dorsal primary rami)

    Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Muscles

    • Extrinsic muscles:
      • Developed from ventral surface of the body
      • Carried innervation with them
      • Innervated by ventral primary rami (or CN XI)
    • Intrinsic muscles:
      • Developed on the posterior side
      • Remained "true" or "intrinsic"
      • Innervated by dorsal primary rami### Deep Transversospinales Muscles
    • Consists of Semispinalis group, Multifidus group, and Rotatores group
    • Also includes Splenius mm. (Splenius capitis and Splenius cervicis)

    Splenius mm.

    • Origin: mastoid process and lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line of occipital bone (Splenius capitis) and TP of C1-C3 (Splenius cervicis)
    • Insertion: ligamentum nuchae and SP of C7-T6
    • Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nn.
    • Actions: Bilateral extension of head and neck, unilateral lateral flexion and rotation of neck and face to the side of active muscle

    Erector Spinae mm.

    • Consists of Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis mm.
    • Iliocostalis: originates at angles of lower ribs and cervical TP
    • Longissimus: originates between tubercles and angles of ribs, TP of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, and mastoid process
    • Spinalis: originates at SP of upper thoracic region and cranium
    • Insertion: Posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacroiliac ligaments, and SP of lower lumbar and sacral vertebrae, and supraspinatus ligament
    • Innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nn.
    • Actions: Bilateral extension of vertebral column and head, controls movement via eccentric contraction when back is flexed, and unilateral lateral flexion of vertebral column

    Semispinalis group

    • Consists of Semispinalis capitis, Semispinalis thoracis, and Semispinalis cervicis
    • Origin: TP of C4-T12
    • Insertion: occipital bone, SP in thoracic and cervical regions, spanning 4-6 segments
    • Innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nn.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomical features of vertebrae, surface features of the back, range of motion of the vertebral column, back muscles, bones, ligaments, and clinical applications. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the back and vertebral column.

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