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Questions and Answers
What is the largest number of vertebrae found in any region of the vertebral column?
What is the largest number of vertebrae found in any region of the vertebral column?
Which of the following is NOT a common vertebral morphology feature?
Which of the following is NOT a common vertebral morphology feature?
Which region of the vertebral column contains a fused bone structure?
Which region of the vertebral column contains a fused bone structure?
What is the posterior bony process found in vertebrae called?
What is the posterior bony process found in vertebrae called?
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Which ligament in the vertebral column connects adjacent laminae of vertebrae and limits flexion?
Which ligament in the vertebral column connects adjacent laminae of vertebrae and limits flexion?
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What is the primary purpose of the Anterior longitudinal ligament in the vertebral column?
What is the primary purpose of the Anterior longitudinal ligament in the vertebral column?
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In abnormal curvatures of the spine, what is excessive Kyphosis primarily characterized by?
In abnormal curvatures of the spine, what is excessive Kyphosis primarily characterized by?
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What movement is limited by the Ligamenta flava in the vertebral column?
What movement is limited by the Ligamenta flava in the vertebral column?
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Which structure in the intervertebral disc is composed of an outer circular fibrous ring?
Which structure in the intervertebral disc is composed of an outer circular fibrous ring?
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Where are the Dimples located that overlie the posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS)?
Where are the Dimples located that overlie the posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS)?
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What is the action of the rhomboid major muscle?
What is the action of the rhomboid major muscle?
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Which nerve innervates the serratus posterior inferior muscle?
Which nerve innervates the serratus posterior inferior muscle?
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What is the boundary of the Triangle of Auscultation?
What is the boundary of the Triangle of Auscultation?
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Which muscles belong to the intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles?
Which muscles belong to the intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles?
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Which arteries contribute to the blood supply of Levator Scapulae and Rhomboids?
Which arteries contribute to the blood supply of Levator Scapulae and Rhomboids?
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What is the function of the Serratus posterior superior muscle?
What is the function of the Serratus posterior superior muscle?
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What type of muscles are the Intrinsic muscles in the back?
What type of muscles are the Intrinsic muscles in the back?
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Which muscle assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of the humerus?
Which muscle assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of the humerus?
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Where do the Extrinsic muscles develop from?
Where do the Extrinsic muscles develop from?
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Which muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve?
Which muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve?
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What is the function of the Rhomboid minor muscle?
What is the function of the Rhomboid minor muscle?
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Which muscle has its origin on the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, and ligamentum nuchae?
Which muscle has its origin on the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, and ligamentum nuchae?
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What is the innervation for the splenius capitis muscle?
What is the innervation for the splenius capitis muscle?
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Which muscle group is responsible for extending the vertebral column and head bilaterally?
Which muscle group is responsible for extending the vertebral column and head bilaterally?
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What is the origin of the multifidus muscle?
What is the origin of the multifidus muscle?
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Which action is performed by the splenius cervicis muscle when contracting bilaterally?
Which action is performed by the splenius cervicis muscle when contracting bilaterally?
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What is the insertion point of the semispinalis capitis muscle?
What is the insertion point of the semispinalis capitis muscle?
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Which nerve innervates the transversospinales muscles?
Which nerve innervates the transversospinales muscles?
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What is the characteristic anatomical feature of vertebrae that provides space for the spinal cord?
What is the characteristic anatomical feature of vertebrae that provides space for the spinal cord?
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Which region of the vertebral column is characterized by having the largest vertebrae?
Which region of the vertebral column is characterized by having the largest vertebrae?
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What is the primary function of the transversospinales muscles in relation to the vertebral column?
What is the primary function of the transversospinales muscles in relation to the vertebral column?
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Which extrinsic back muscle is primarily responsible for retracting and stabilizing the scapula?
Which extrinsic back muscle is primarily responsible for retracting and stabilizing the scapula?
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What is the name of the anterior portion of a vertebra that provides support and structure?
What is the name of the anterior portion of a vertebra that provides support and structure?
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What structure in the intervertebral disc serves to protect the nucleus pulposus from falling out?
What structure in the intervertebral disc serves to protect the nucleus pulposus from falling out?
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In abnormal spinal curvatures, what is excessive lordosis primarily associated with?
In abnormal spinal curvatures, what is excessive lordosis primarily associated with?
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Which ligament runs on the surface of the anterior bodies and IV discs from C2 to sacrum within the spinal canal?
Which ligament runs on the surface of the anterior bodies and IV discs from C2 to sacrum within the spinal canal?
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What is the primary function of the Ligamenta flava in the vertebral column?
What is the primary function of the Ligamenta flava in the vertebral column?
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Where is the site of the external occipital protuberance located in relation to the spinous processes of the vertebrae?
Where is the site of the external occipital protuberance located in relation to the spinous processes of the vertebrae?
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Which muscle layer of the back is innervated by the dorsal ram and is responsible for respiration?
Which muscle layer of the back is innervated by the dorsal ram and is responsible for respiration?
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Which cervical vertebra lacks a body and supports the skull?
Which cervical vertebra lacks a body and supports the skull?
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Which cervical vertebra articulates with the occipital condyles?
Which cervical vertebra articulates with the occipital condyles?
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Which cervical vertebra features the largest vertebral foramen?
Which cervical vertebra features the largest vertebral foramen?
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Which cervical vertebra has transverse processes with foramens transmitting arteries and veins?
Which cervical vertebra has transverse processes with foramens transmitting arteries and veins?
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Which cervical vertebra has the longest spinous process known as vertebra prominens?
Which cervical vertebra has the longest spinous process known as vertebra prominens?
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What is the primary action of the Semispinalis group of muscles when contracting bilaterally?
What is the primary action of the Semispinalis group of muscles when contracting bilaterally?
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Where does the Semispinalis capitis muscle originate?
Where does the Semispinalis capitis muscle originate?
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Which muscle is responsible for laterally flexing the neck when contracted unilaterally?
Which muscle is responsible for laterally flexing the neck when contracted unilaterally?
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Where does the Splenius cervicis muscle insert?
Where does the Splenius cervicis muscle insert?
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Which nerve innervates the Spinotransversales muscles?
Which nerve innervates the Spinotransversales muscles?
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What is the function of the Transversospinales muscles when contracting bilaterally?
What is the function of the Transversospinales muscles when contracting bilaterally?
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Which nerve innervates the Levator scapulae muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Levator scapulae muscle?
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Where do the Intrinsic muscles of the back originate developmentally?
Where do the Intrinsic muscles of the back originate developmentally?
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Which muscle assists in elevating, adducting/retracting, and depressing the scapula?
Which muscle assists in elevating, adducting/retracting, and depressing the scapula?
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What is the action of the Rhomboid major muscle?
What is the action of the Rhomboid major muscle?
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Which primary rami innervate the Extrinsic muscles?
Which primary rami innervate the Extrinsic muscles?
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Where is the insertion point of the Trapezius muscle?
Where is the insertion point of the Trapezius muscle?
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Which cervical vertebra lacks a body and supports the skull?
Which cervical vertebra lacks a body and supports the skull?
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Which cervical vertebra features the largest vertebral foramen?
Which cervical vertebra features the largest vertebral foramen?
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Which cervical vertebra has the longest spinous process known as vertebra prominens?
Which cervical vertebra has the longest spinous process known as vertebra prominens?
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Which structure transmits the vertebral arteries and veins through foramens in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae?
Which structure transmits the vertebral arteries and veins through foramens in the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae?
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Which cervical vertebra articulates with the occipital condyles?
Which cervical vertebra articulates with the occipital condyles?
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What is the main function of the C2 (Axis) cervical vertebrae?
What is the main function of the C2 (Axis) cervical vertebrae?
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Which vertebral region consists of bodies that are thick and robust, with triangular vertebral foramina?
Which vertebral region consists of bodies that are thick and robust, with triangular vertebral foramina?
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Which structure is formed from 5 fused vertebrae in adults and articulates with L5 above and coccyx below?
Which structure is formed from 5 fused vertebrae in adults and articulates with L5 above and coccyx below?
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What type of joints are the Atlanto-occipital and Atlanto-axial joints?
What type of joints are the Atlanto-occipital and Atlanto-axial joints?
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Which part of the vertebral column is primarily responsible for supporting the weight of the body?
Which part of the vertebral column is primarily responsible for supporting the weight of the body?
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Which ligament holds the dens of the axis to the atlas, allowing for rotation of the head?
Which ligament holds the dens of the axis to the atlas, allowing for rotation of the head?
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What is the primary function of the Ligamenta flava in the vertebral column?
What is the primary function of the Ligamenta flava in the vertebral column?
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In abnormal spinal curvatures, what is excessive kyphosis primarily associated with?
In abnormal spinal curvatures, what is excessive kyphosis primarily associated with?
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Which structure in the intervertebral disc serves to protect the nucleus pulposus from falling out?
Which structure in the intervertebral disc serves to protect the nucleus pulposus from falling out?
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What is the primary action of the Semispinalis group of muscles when contracting bilaterally?
What is the primary action of the Semispinalis group of muscles when contracting bilaterally?
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Which ligament in the vertebral column runs on the surface of anterior bodies and IV discs from C2 to sacrum within the spinal canal?
Which ligament in the vertebral column runs on the surface of anterior bodies and IV discs from C2 to sacrum within the spinal canal?
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Which region of the vertebral column contains a fused bone structure?
Which region of the vertebral column contains a fused bone structure?
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Which type of primary rami innervates the Extrinsic muscles in the back?
Which type of primary rami innervates the Extrinsic muscles in the back?
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Where do the Intrinsic muscles in the back originate developmentally?
Where do the Intrinsic muscles in the back originate developmentally?
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Which muscle assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of the humerus?
Which muscle assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of the humerus?
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What is the insertion point of the Levator scapulae muscle?
What is the insertion point of the Levator scapulae muscle?
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Which nerve innervates the Rhomboid major muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Rhomboid major muscle?
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Where does the Rhomboid minor muscle originate from?
Where does the Rhomboid minor muscle originate from?
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Which muscle in the Semispinalis group spans 4-6 segments and attaches to the occipital bone and spinous processes in the thoracic and cervical regions?
Which muscle in the Semispinalis group spans 4-6 segments and attaches to the occipital bone and spinous processes in the thoracic and cervical regions?
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Where does the Splenius cervicis muscle insert?
Where does the Splenius cervicis muscle insert?
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Which muscle in the Erector Spinae group originates from the posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacroiliac ligaments, and spinous processes of lower lumbar and sacral vertebrae?
Which muscle in the Erector Spinae group originates from the posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacroiliac ligaments, and spinous processes of lower lumbar and sacral vertebrae?
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Which muscle group is responsible for laterally flexing the neck when contracted unilaterally?
Which muscle group is responsible for laterally flexing the neck when contracted unilaterally?
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Where does the Semispinalis capitis muscle originate?
Where does the Semispinalis capitis muscle originate?
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Which muscle originates at the angles of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes?
Which muscle originates at the angles of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes?
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Study Notes
Vertebral Column
- 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 fused sacral vertebrae, and 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
- Vertebral foramen: space for spinal cord
- Transverse process: lateral bony process
- Spinous process: posterior bony process
Zygapophysial Joints
- Between articular processes (superior and inferior) and synovial sonora
- Intervertebral joints: between intervertebral discs and vertebral body, shock-absorbing, semi-moveable joint
- IV disc composed of:
- Annulus fibrosus
- Nucleus pulposus (jelly-like substance)
- Annulus fibrosus protects nucleus pulposus from falling out
Movement of the Spine
- Cervical: flexion, extension, lateral flexion (limited), rotation
- Thoracic: rotation
- Lumbar: flexion, extension, lateral flexion (limited)
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
- Ligamenta flava: connect adjacent laminae of vertebrae, limit flexion
- Anterior longitudinal ligament: anterior bodies and IV discs from skull to sacrum, prevents hyperextension
- Posterior longitudinal ligament: posterior bodies and IV discs from C2 to sacrum, prevents hyperflexion
Abnormal Curvatures
- Excessive Kyphosis: curvature of the spine, develops in early embryo in thoracic and sacral regions
- Excessive Lordosis: lumbar curvature, develops in early embryo
- Scoliosis: lateral curvature of the spine
Intervertebral Discs
- Composed of:
- Annulus fibrosus
- Nucleus pulposus
- Function: shock-absorbing, semi-moveable joint
Clinical Correlates
- Herniated Nucleus Pulposus: clinical correlate of IV disc pathology
Surface Anatomy
- Nuchal ligament: C7, site of external occipital protuberance
- Spinous processes: T1, T2, T4
- Supraspinous ligament: T4
- Dimples overlying posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS)
Muscle Layers of the Back
- Superficial: extrinsic muscles (innervated by ventral primary rami or CN XI)
- Intermediate: extrinsic muscles
- Deep: intrinsic muscles (innervated by dorsal primary rami)
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Muscles
- Extrinsic muscles:
- Developed from ventral surface of the body
- Carried innervation with them
- Innervated by ventral primary rami (or CN XI)
- Intrinsic muscles:
- Developed on the posterior side
- Remained "true" or "intrinsic"
- Innervated by dorsal primary rami### Deep Transversospinales Muscles
- Consists of Semispinalis group, Multifidus group, and Rotatores group
- Also includes Splenius mm. (Splenius capitis and Splenius cervicis)
Splenius mm.
- Origin: mastoid process and lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line of occipital bone (Splenius capitis) and TP of C1-C3 (Splenius cervicis)
- Insertion: ligamentum nuchae and SP of C7-T6
- Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nn.
- Actions: Bilateral extension of head and neck, unilateral lateral flexion and rotation of neck and face to the side of active muscle
Erector Spinae mm.
- Consists of Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis mm.
- Iliocostalis: originates at angles of lower ribs and cervical TP
- Longissimus: originates between tubercles and angles of ribs, TP of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, and mastoid process
- Spinalis: originates at SP of upper thoracic region and cranium
- Insertion: Posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacroiliac ligaments, and SP of lower lumbar and sacral vertebrae, and supraspinatus ligament
- Innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nn.
- Actions: Bilateral extension of vertebral column and head, controls movement via eccentric contraction when back is flexed, and unilateral lateral flexion of vertebral column
Semispinalis group
- Consists of Semispinalis capitis, Semispinalis thoracis, and Semispinalis cervicis
- Origin: TP of C4-T12
- Insertion: occipital bone, SP in thoracic and cervical regions, spanning 4-6 segments
- Innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nn.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomical features of vertebrae, surface features of the back, range of motion of the vertebral column, back muscles, bones, ligaments, and clinical applications. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the back and vertebral column.
