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Questions and Answers
Which condition is characterized by decreased salivary flow?
What is a common cause of acute sialadenitis?
In which demographic is xerostomia most commonly observed?
Which type of salivary gland contributes to about 10% of total salivary volume?
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What is a typical feature of sialorrhoea?
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Which statement regarding sialography is true?
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Which type of infection is primarily associated with acute sialadenitis?
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What is sialectasis typically characterized by?
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What is the primary nerve responsible for the secretomotor function of the parotid gland?
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Which artery is NOT associated with the structures within the parotid gland?
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What percentage of the parotid gland is considered the superficial part?
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Where does the parotid gland lie in relation to the sternomastoid muscle?
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Which nerve provides the vasomotor supply to the parotid gland?
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What anatomical structure is formed by the deep cervical fascia surrounding the parotid gland?
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Which part of the parotid gland is situated behind the mandible?
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What is the role of the auriculotemporal nerve in the context of the parotid gland?
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What is the primary treatment for a severely tender and localized submandibular gland infection?
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Which pathogen is primarily associated with bacterial causes of acute parotitis?
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What symptom is typically observed during salivary colic caused by stones?
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What is the characteristic sign of parotitis associated with Sjogren's syndrome?
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What should be performed to manage a submandibular gland condition with pus present?
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Which of the following is NOT a recognized cause of acute parotitis?
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What is a key symptom of submandibular gland obstruction due to stones?
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What is recommended to aid in the recovery of a patient with a salivary gland infection?
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What is the typical presentation of a stone in the gland causing swelling?
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Which surgical complication is NOT typically associated with surgery on the salivary glands?
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What type of fistula can arise from the parotid gland or duct?
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What is the treatment approach for a stone located in the duct?
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Which characteristic is associated with fistula from the duct?
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What is the recommended incision location for surgery on the submandibular salivary gland?
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What non-surgical treatment is indicated for stones in the salivary glands?
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Sialography is diagnostic for which condition?
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What is a common clinical feature of a pleomorphic adenoma?
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Which group of individuals is most commonly affected by pleomorphic adenomas?
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What indicates a deep lobe tumor based on its clinical features?
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Which statement about adenolymphoma is true?
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What is a common incidence rate for structured lymphatic trapping conditions?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with a long-standing pleomorphic adenoma?
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What feature suggests potential malignant transformation in a pleomorphic adenoma?
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What feature distinguishes adenolymphoma from pleomorphic adenoma?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of Salivary Glands
- The parotid gland is the largest, situated below the ear and enclosed by a capsule formed by the deep cervical fascia.
- It is divided into a superficial part (80%) and a deep part (20%).
- An accessory parotid gland might be present, extending along the parotid duct.
- The parotid gland receives its parasympathetic innervation from the auriculotemporal nerve and its sympathetic innervation from the plexus around the external carotid artery.
- Structures within the parotid gland from deep to superficial:
- External carotid artery, maxillary artery, superficial temporal artery, posterior auricular artery
- Retromandibular vein
- Facial nerve and its branches
Submandibular Salivary Gland
- Located below the mandible.
- Duct: Wharton’s duct opens into the floor of the mouth at the sublingual papilla.
- Nerve supply: Parasympathetic from the chorda tympani nerve (branch of the facial nerve), sympathetic from the superior cervical ganglion.
- Blood supply: Facial artery.
Minor Salivary Glands
- Approximately 450 minor salivary glands are distributed in the lips, cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth.
- They contribute about 10% of the total salivary volume.
Salivary Flow & Disorders
- Salivary flow originates primarily from the submandibular salivary gland.
- Sialorrhoea is increased salivary flow, often caused by drugs, cerebral palsy, or psychiatric conditions.
- Xerostomia is decreased salivary flow, seen in postmenopausal women, depression, dehydration, medication side effects, and radiation therapy.
Salivary Calculus
- Sialography is used for diagnosing and treating salivary issues.
- Sialography should not be performed in acute inflammation.
- It is important to inject only 1 ml of dye during sialography, to avoid extravasation and chemical sialadenitis.
Acute Sialadenitis
- Inflammatory condition of the salivary glands.
- Can be caused by stasis (dehydration, duct obstruction), lack of oral hygiene, major surgery, radiotherapy, or infection (bacterial or viral).
- Mumps, a viral infection, commonly affects the parotid gland.
Parotitis
- Viral parotitis (mumps) is characterized by painful parotid enlargement and fever.
- Bacterial parotitis is often caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
- Endemic parotitis may result from parasitic infestations and protein malnutrition.
Submandibular Gland Pathology
- Causes for submandibular gland swelling include:
- Stones or strictures within the submandibular gland duct.
- Sialectasis (grape-like cluster appearance)
- Masses
- Salivary colic, an intense pain associated with meals, might be a symptom of submandibular gland stones.
- A tender, firm swelling below the mandible that increases with meals is a common sign of submandibular gland disease.
Treatment of Salivary Gland Disorders
- Acute sialadenitis is managed with hot fomentations, analgesics, and antibiotics.
- Drainage under general anesthesia is indicated for localized, severe cases.
- Submandibular stones are removed intraorally if located in the duct or require excision of the gland if located within it.
- Conservative management is usually preferred for sialosis (benign salivary gland enlargement) but excision may be considered in complicated cases.
Parotid Fistula
- A fistula is a connection between the parotid gland or its ducts and the skin or oral cavity.
- It can be internal, external, or arise from the gland or duct.
- Commonly caused by abscess drainage, surgery, trauma, or tumors.
- Fistula from the duct usually produces profuse discharge, while fistula from the gland has a minimal discharge.
Parotid Tumor
- Most common tumor of the parotid gland is pleomorphic adenoma.
- Pleomorphic adenomas are slow-growing, usually painless, and can gradually increase in size.
- They do not typically affect the facial nerve, although long-standing tumors can develop into carcinomas.
- Adenolymphoma, another parotid tumor, is characterized by a "hot spot" on technetium scans and does not become malignant.
- Facial nerve paralysis is a concerning sign, indicating possible tumor involvement.
Surgical Complications
- Parotid surgery complications include bleeding, infection, nerve injuries (marginal mandibular, lingual, hypoglossal), and fistula formation.
Submandibular Salivary Gland Tumours
- Tumors in the submandibular gland can be treated with surgery, but careful attention is needed due to proximity to crucial nerves.
- Tumours often manifest as unilateral, painless, firm, smooth, mobile swellings in front of the parotid gland.
Key Considerations:
- The parotid and submandibular glands are crucial for salivary production.
- Salivary gland diseases are common and varied, impacting daily activities and overall health.
- Understanding anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the salivary glands is essential for diagnosing and treating these conditions effectively.
- Consult a healthcare provider if you suspect any salivary gland issues.
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Description
This quiz explores the anatomy and innervation of the major salivary glands, focusing on the parotid and submandibular glands. It covers their locations, structural components, and nerve supply. Test your knowledge on this essential topic in human anatomy.
