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Which of the following glands is responsible for producing 100% serous saliva?
Which pair of salivary glands accounts for 25% of the total salivary volume?
What is the name of the duct associated with the parotid glands?
Which of the following is NOT one of the major salivary glands?
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Which major salivary gland is positioned below the external auditory meatus?
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What percentage of the total salivary production is attributed to the major salivary glands?
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Which of the following describes the histological structure of salivary glands?
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Xerostomia refers to which condition related to the salivary glands?
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What percentage of total saliva volume does the submandibular gland contribute?
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Where does Wharton's duct open in the oral cavity?
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What type of saliva is predominantly produced by the sublingual gland?
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Which gland is the smallest among the major salivary glands?
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What role do the tubarial glands potentially play in the body?
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Which nerves provide the innervation to the submandibular gland?
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What is the primary function of an adenomere in a salivary gland?
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What percentage of total saliva volume do minor salivary glands contribute?
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What type of secretion is produced by serous acini?
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Which function is NOT associated with mucous saliva?
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What distinguishes striated ducts from intercalated ducts?
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Which cells are responsible for forcing saliva out of the acini?
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What is NOT a component of acinar fluid?
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What type of epithelial cells line the secretory duct of the salivary glands?
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Which structures supply blood to the salivary glands?
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What triggers the salivary nuclei in the brain to stimulate salivation?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyposalivation?
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What condition is characterized by calcium deposits forming in the ducts of salivary glands?
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Which type of cyst is formed due to trauma to the salivary gland or duct?
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What is the primary effect of head and neck irradiation on salivary glands?
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What type of changes occur at the opening of the salivary duct?
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What is one potential effect of Sjögren’s syndrome on the oral cavity?
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Which condition is characterized by painful swelling of the parotid glands?
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What type of swelling does sialosis cause in the parotid glands?
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Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with Sjögren’s syndrome?
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Nicotine Stomatitis is primarily caused by inflammation of which glands?
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Which of the following medical conditions could lead to sialosis?
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What distinguishes benign tumors from malignant tumors?
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What is a common symptom of Nicotine Stomatitis?
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Study Notes
Salivary Glands
- Major salivary glands are parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
- Minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the oral cavity.
- Major salivary glands produce 90% of the total salivary volume.
Parotid Gland
- Largest salivary gland.
- Produces 100% serous saliva.
- Contributes 25% of total saliva volume.
- Located below the external auditory meatus and between the mastoid process and the posterior border of the ramus.
- The duct is called Stensen’s or Parotid Duct.
- Runs from the gland outside the masseter muscle, parallel to and 1cm below the zygomatic arch.
- Pierces the buccinator muscle, opening into the oral cavity via the Stensen’s papillae.
- Nerve Innervation:
- Glossopharyngeal (autonomic)
- Auriculotemporal (sensory)
- Facial nerve (intimate association)
Submandibular Gland
- Mixed saliva secretions.
- Half the size of the parotid gland (walnut size).
- Produces 60-65% of total saliva volume.
- Located between the body of the mandible and the mylohyoid muscle in the submandibular fossa.
- The duct is called Wharton’s duct.
- Runs 5cm long.
- Opens under the anterior part of the tongue, lateral to the lingual frenum at the sublingual caruncle.
- Nerve Innervation:
- Chorda tympani
- Lingual branch of the inferior dental nerve.
Sublingual Gland
- 60% mucous saliva.
- Smallest of the major salivary glands (almond size).
- Produces 5-10% of total saliva volume.
- Located in the floor of the mouth in the sublingual fossa.
- The duct is called Bartholin’s duct.
- 10-20 smaller ducts (Rivinus ducts) open along the sublingual fold.
- Nerve Innervation:
- Same as the submandibular gland
Tubarial Glands
- Found in the nasopharynx.
- Likely contribute to nasopharynx/oropharynx lubrication and swallowing.
Minor Salivary Glands
- Mixed saliva, predominantly mucous.
- Produce lots of salivary proteins.
- Contribute >10% of the total saliva volume.
- Named according to their location, e.g. buccal or labial salivary glands.
Salivary Gland Structure
- Epithelium: Lines the ducts and produces saliva.
- Connective tissue: Surrounds the epithelium, protects and supports the gland.
- Capsule: Surrounds the entire outer portion of the gland
- Septa: Divides the inner portion of the gland into lobes and smaller lobules.
- Capsule and septa carry nerve and blood supply to the cells.
Adenomeres
- Working part of a salivary gland, surrounded by connective tissue.
Acini
- Secretory units within the adenomere, made of secretory cells with bases resting on connective tissue.
- Classifications:
- Mucous acini
- Serous acini
- Mixed
Serous Acini
- Serous secretory cells.
- Produce watery serous secretion (serous saliva).
- Functions:
- Lubricating food
- Initiating enzymatic digestion
- Removing epithelial debris
- Diluting food.
Mucous Acini
- Mucous secretory cells.
- Wider lumen.
- Produce viscous mucin-rich secretion (mucous saliva).
- Functions:
- Binding food into a bolus
- Protecting the oral cavity against frictional abrasion
- Lubrication
Serous-Mucous Acini
- Serous secretory cells form a serous demilune around mucous secretory cells.
Myoepithelial Cells
- Embrace the acini secretory cells.
- Contract and squeeze, forcing saliva out of the lumen and into ducts.
Acinar Fluid (Not Saliva)
- Consists of:
- Water
- Inorganic ions
- Small molecules and products synthesized by cells (mucoproteins and amylase)
Ducts
- Saliva travels and is further modified via resorption.
- Three types:
- Intercalated
- Striated
- Excretory
Intercalated Ducts
- Single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells.
Striated Ducts
- Bulk of the duct system.
- Single layer of columnar epithelial cells with basal striations.
- Aids in saliva modification.
Excretory (Terminal) Ducts
- Secretory duct.
- Saliva exits into the oral cavity through this duct.
- Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, which changes to stratified cuboidal and then stratified squamous epithelium at the opening.
Blood Supply
- Supplied by the external carotid artery (plus facial and lingual artery), with vessels and nerves entering the gland at the hilum.
- Two capillary networks: one for the secretory end piece and one for the ducts.
Control of Salivation
- Salivary nuclei in the brain are stimulated by taste, smells, thoughts, etc.
- This triggers neurotransmitter release from nerve endings of salivary glands.
Disorders of the Salivary Glands
Hyposalivation
- Can be caused by:
- Medications or tablets
- Radiotherapy
- Autoimmune diseases
- Diabetes
- Salivary stones
- Determine whether the cause is reversible or irreversible.
Obstruction
- Caniculi: Calcium deposits in the ducts. Common in the submandibular glands, can lead to infection or inflammation.
- Cysts: Trauma to the salivary gland or duct, causing saliva accumulation in surrounding tissue.
- Mucocele: Minor glands
- Ranula: Major glands in the floor of the mouth (could be submandibular or sublingual).
Irradiation
- Head and neck irradiation destroys secretory cells, leading to atrophy and xerostomia.
Degenerative
- Sjögren’s syndrome: An immunological disorder causing:
- Dry eyes
- Acini destroyed
Inflammation/Infection
- Mumps: Acute viral infection causing inflammation and painful swelling of the parotid glands.
- Nicotine stomatitis: Inflammation of minor salivary glands located on the palate in response to heat from tobacco use.
Sialosis
- Painless swelling of the parotid glands, not caused by inflammation or infection.
- Can occur alone or as a result of other medical conditions, such as:
- Liver cirrhosis
- Bulimia
- Diabetes
- Pregnancy
- Obesity
- Kidney failure
Neoplasms (Tumors)
- Can be benign or malignant.
- Benign examples: Warthin's tumor
- Malignant examples: ...
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Description
This quiz covers the major and minor salivary glands, focusing on their structure, function, and innervation. Learn about the parotid and submandibular glands, including their specific contributions to saliva production and their anatomical locations. Test your knowledge on the important roles these glands play in oral health.
