Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which muscle is embedded in the superficial fascia of the neck?
Which muscle is embedded in the superficial fascia of the neck?
Which muscle group is not a part of the anterior neck musculature?
Which muscle group is not a part of the anterior neck musculature?
Which triangle extends from the anterior midline to the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Which triangle extends from the anterior midline to the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Which vein drains the scalp posterior and superior to the auricle?
Which vein drains the scalp posterior and superior to the auricle?
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What forms the anterior boundary of the carotid triangle?
What forms the anterior boundary of the carotid triangle?
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Which muscle divides the posterior triangle of the neck into occipital and supraclavicular triangles?
Which muscle divides the posterior triangle of the neck into occipital and supraclavicular triangles?
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Which vein descends obliquely, superficial to the sternocleidomastoid, toward the middle of the clavicle?
Which vein descends obliquely, superficial to the sternocleidomastoid, toward the middle of the clavicle?
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Which artery is a content of the carotid triangle?
Which artery is a content of the carotid triangle?
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What forms the lateral boundary of the submental triangle?
What forms the lateral boundary of the submental triangle?
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Which vein is a tributary of the external jugular vein?
Which vein is a tributary of the external jugular vein?
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Which nerve is a content of the carotid triangle?
Which nerve is a content of the carotid triangle?
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Which muscle is a content of the muscular triangle?
Which muscle is a content of the muscular triangle?
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What forms the apex of the posterior triangle of the neck?
What forms the apex of the posterior triangle of the neck?
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Which vein is a tributary of the internal jugular vein?
Which vein is a tributary of the internal jugular vein?
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Which artery is a content of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Which artery is a content of the posterior triangle of the neck?
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Which muscle is responsible for drawing down the lower lip and angle of the mouth?
Which muscle is responsible for drawing down the lower lip and angle of the mouth?
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Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
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Which muscle elevates the hyoid and depresses the mandible?
Which muscle elevates the hyoid and depresses the mandible?
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Which muscle originates from the styloid process and elevates the hyoid bone?
Which muscle originates from the styloid process and elevates the hyoid bone?
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Which muscle is involved in lateral flexion of the neck and elevation of the 1st and 2nd ribs?
Which muscle is involved in lateral flexion of the neck and elevation of the 1st and 2nd ribs?
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Which triangle contains the submandibular gland, facial vessels, submandibular lymph nodes, hypoglossal nerve, and mylohyoid nerve and vessels?
Which triangle contains the submandibular gland, facial vessels, submandibular lymph nodes, hypoglossal nerve, and mylohyoid nerve and vessels?
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What divides the anterolateral part of the neck into anterior and posterior triangles?
What divides the anterolateral part of the neck into anterior and posterior triangles?
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Which muscle is responsible for stabilizing the larynx?
Which muscle is responsible for stabilizing the larynx?
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Which muscle consists of posterior and anterior bellies connected by an intermediate tendon?
Which muscle consists of posterior and anterior bellies connected by an intermediate tendon?
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Which muscle depresses the hyoid and stabilizes the larynx?
Which muscle depresses the hyoid and stabilizes the larynx?
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Which triangle is bounded by the midline of the neck, anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, and inferior border of the body of the mandible?
Which triangle is bounded by the midline of the neck, anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, and inferior border of the body of the mandible?
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Which muscle originates from the sternum and clavicle and inserts onto the mastoid process and superior nuchal line?
Which muscle originates from the sternum and clavicle and inserts onto the mastoid process and superior nuchal line?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with subclavian steal syndrome?
Which symptom is commonly associated with subclavian steal syndrome?
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What is the Latin meaning of the term 'vagus' in the context of the vagus nerve?
What is the Latin meaning of the term 'vagus' in the context of the vagus nerve?
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What is the primary function of the vagus nerve?
What is the primary function of the vagus nerve?
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What is the clinical manifestation of vasovagal syncope?
What is the clinical manifestation of vasovagal syncope?
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How is subclavian steal syndrome commonly diagnosed?
How is subclavian steal syndrome commonly diagnosed?
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What characterizes Grade 3 subclavian steal syndrome?
What characterizes Grade 3 subclavian steal syndrome?
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Which of the following is innervated by the vagus nerve?
Which of the following is innervated by the vagus nerve?
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What is the primary nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries?
Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries?
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Which nerve is embedded in the body of the carotid sheath?
Which nerve is embedded in the body of the carotid sheath?
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At which level does the right subclavian artery begin?
At which level does the right subclavian artery begin?
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Which artery may originate from the 1st part of the subclavian artery?
Which artery may originate from the 1st part of the subclavian artery?
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Where does the vertebral artery originate from?
Where does the vertebral artery originate from?
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Where does the 4th (intracranial) part of the vertebral artery ascend into?
Where does the 4th (intracranial) part of the vertebral artery ascend into?
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What syndrome is characterized by subclavian artery stenosis?
What syndrome is characterized by subclavian artery stenosis?
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Where is the ansa cervicalis embedded?
Where is the ansa cervicalis embedded?
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What is the content of the suboccipital triangle?
What is the content of the suboccipital triangle?
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Which artery is a branch of the external carotid artery?
Which artery is a branch of the external carotid artery?
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Where does the left subclavian artery begin?
Where does the left subclavian artery begin?
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Which artery runs superiorly and posteriorly from the subclavian artery to the transverse foramen of C6?
Which artery runs superiorly and posteriorly from the subclavian artery to the transverse foramen of C6?
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Which cartilage is shaped like a signet ring with a narrow anterior arch and wider posterior lamina?
Which cartilage is shaped like a signet ring with a narrow anterior arch and wider posterior lamina?
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What is the attachment point for the sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles on the thyroid cartilage?
What is the attachment point for the sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles on the thyroid cartilage?
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Which cartilage forms a leaf-shaped plate of elastic cartilage that stands almost vertically posterior to the root of the tongue and hyoid bone?
Which cartilage forms a leaf-shaped plate of elastic cartilage that stands almost vertically posterior to the root of the tongue and hyoid bone?
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Which paired cartilage is located superior to the cricoid cartilage and has a small articular facet for the base of the arytenoid cartilage?
Which paired cartilage is located superior to the cricoid cartilage and has a small articular facet for the base of the arytenoid cartilage?
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Which nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle?
Which nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle?
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Which artery accompanies the internal laryngeal nerve?
Which artery accompanies the internal laryngeal nerve?
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Where does the thyroid gland originate from?
Where does the thyroid gland originate from?
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Which type of thyroid cancer develops from C cells?
Which type of thyroid cancer develops from C cells?
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Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
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What is the primary function of the hormone calcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland?
What is the primary function of the hormone calcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland?
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Which artery may be present in approximately 10% of people as a branch of the subclavian artery?
Which artery may be present in approximately 10% of people as a branch of the subclavian artery?
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Which vein drains into the internal jugular vein?
Which vein drains into the internal jugular vein?
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What is the primary function of the vagus nerve in the neck region?
What is the primary function of the vagus nerve in the neck region?
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Which type of thyroid cancer is characterized by rapid growth and poor differentiation?
Which type of thyroid cancer is characterized by rapid growth and poor differentiation?
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Where do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?
Where do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?
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What is the primary function of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands?
What is the primary function of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands?
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Which nerve innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for specific movements related to phonation and respiration?
Which nerve innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for specific movements related to phonation and respiration?
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What is the primary function of the cricothyroid muscle?
What is the primary function of the cricothyroid muscle?
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Which cartilage forms the inferior border of the laryngeal inlet?
Which cartilage forms the inferior border of the laryngeal inlet?
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What is the function of the thyrohyoid membrane in the larynx?
What is the function of the thyrohyoid membrane in the larynx?
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Which muscle is responsible for adducting the vocal folds during phonation?
Which muscle is responsible for adducting the vocal folds during phonation?
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Which region of the larynx is associated with clinical conditions like vocal cord polyps and laryngitis?
Which region of the larynx is associated with clinical conditions like vocal cord polyps and laryngitis?
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Which muscle group supports the position of the larynx in the neck?
Which muscle group supports the position of the larynx in the neck?
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What is the primary function of the cricoarytenoid joint in the larynx?
What is the primary function of the cricoarytenoid joint in the larynx?
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Which ligament plays an important role in supporting and connecting the larynx?
Which ligament plays an important role in supporting and connecting the larynx?
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What is the primary function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
What is the primary function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
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Which muscle is responsible for specific movements related to phonation and respiration?
Which muscle is responsible for specific movements related to phonation and respiration?
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What is the primary function of the vocalis muscle in the larynx?
What is the primary function of the vocalis muscle in the larynx?
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Which structure marks the opening of the parotid duct into the oral vestibule?
Which structure marks the opening of the parotid duct into the oral vestibule?
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What forms the lateral boundary of the submental triangle?
What forms the lateral boundary of the submental triangle?
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What muscle divides the posterior triangle of the neck into occipital and supraclavicular triangles?
What muscle divides the posterior triangle of the neck into occipital and supraclavicular triangles?
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What forms the anterior boundary of the carotid triangle?
What forms the anterior boundary of the carotid triangle?
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What characterizes Grade 3 subclavian steal syndrome?
What characterizes Grade 3 subclavian steal syndrome?
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Which triangle contains the submandibular gland, facial vessels, submandibular lymph nodes, hypoglossal nerve, and mylohyoid nerve and vessels?
Which triangle contains the submandibular gland, facial vessels, submandibular lymph nodes, hypoglossal nerve, and mylohyoid nerve and vessels?
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Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries?
Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries?
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Which muscle is embedded in the superficial fascia of the neck?
Which muscle is embedded in the superficial fascia of the neck?
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Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the pharynx?
Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the pharynx?
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Which muscle receives motor innervation from a nerve other than the vagus nerve?
Which muscle receives motor innervation from a nerve other than the vagus nerve?
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Which artery is responsible for supplying arterial blood to the pharynx?
Which artery is responsible for supplying arterial blood to the pharynx?
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Which vein forms a plexus on the outer surface of the pharynx?
Which vein forms a plexus on the outer surface of the pharynx?
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Which nerve contributes to the formation of the pharyngeal plexus?
Which nerve contributes to the formation of the pharyngeal plexus?
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Which muscle forms the external muscle layer of the pharynx?
Which muscle forms the external muscle layer of the pharynx?
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Which structure communicates with the laryngeal cavity via the piriform fossa?
Which structure communicates with the laryngeal cavity via the piriform fossa?
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What is the primary content of the piriform fossa?
What is the primary content of the piriform fossa?
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Which nerve supplies motor innervation to almost all pharyngeal muscles?
Which nerve supplies motor innervation to almost all pharyngeal muscles?
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Which muscle is responsible for swallowing foreign objects like coins or fish bones?
Which muscle is responsible for swallowing foreign objects like coins or fish bones?
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Which nerve contributes to the sensory innervation of the pharynx?
Which nerve contributes to the sensory innervation of the pharynx?
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Which muscle has specific origins and insertions in the pharynx?
Which muscle has specific origins and insertions in the pharynx?
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Which nerve contains sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers and arises from the medulla of the brainstem?
Which nerve contains sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers and arises from the medulla of the brainstem?
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Which artery is an anterior branch of the external carotid artery and supplies various structures in the oral cavity?
Which artery is an anterior branch of the external carotid artery and supplies various structures in the oral cavity?
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Which gland has multiple small ducts that drain into the floor of the mouth?
Which gland has multiple small ducts that drain into the floor of the mouth?
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Which part of the pharynx extends from the soft palate to the superior border of the epiglottis?
Which part of the pharynx extends from the soft palate to the superior border of the epiglottis?
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Which part of the pharynx is respiratory in function and contains the pharyngeal tonsil and pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube?
Which part of the pharynx is respiratory in function and contains the pharyngeal tonsil and pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube?
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Which artery supplies various structures in the oral cavity and is a branch of the external carotid artery?
Which artery supplies various structures in the oral cavity and is a branch of the external carotid artery?
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Which nerve is involved in the special sensory nerve supply for taste?
Which nerve is involved in the special sensory nerve supply for taste?
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Which nerve has branches including the tympanic nerve, carotid branch, muscular branch, pharyngeal branches, tonsillar branches, and lingual branches?
Which nerve has branches including the tympanic nerve, carotid branch, muscular branch, pharyngeal branches, tonsillar branches, and lingual branches?
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Which nerve contains sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers?
Which nerve contains sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers?
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Which gland is one of the major salivary glands and has superficial and deep parts, as well as a duct that opens into the oral cavity?
Which gland is one of the major salivary glands and has superficial and deep parts, as well as a duct that opens into the oral cavity?
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Which part of the pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage?
Which part of the pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage?
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Which nerve is part of the general sensory nerve supply to the oral cavity?
Which nerve is part of the general sensory nerve supply to the oral cavity?
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Which nerve supplies the motor innervation for the tensor veli palatini muscle?
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation for the tensor veli palatini muscle?
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Which artery supplies the palate?
Which artery supplies the palate?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating the root of the tongue?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the root of the tongue?
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Which nerve supplies the sensory innervation of the palate?
Which nerve supplies the sensory innervation of the palate?
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Which part of the tongue lacks papillae and is characterized by rounded elevations caused by lymphoid nodules?
Which part of the tongue lacks papillae and is characterized by rounded elevations caused by lymphoid nodules?
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Which nerve supplies the motor innervation for the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation for the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
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Which muscle is located within the palatoglossal arch and extends from the soft palate to the side of the tongue?
Which muscle is located within the palatoglossal arch and extends from the soft palate to the side of the tongue?
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Which artery supplies the tongue?
Which artery supplies the tongue?
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Which nerve supplies the motor innervation for the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation for the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
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Which muscle is responsible for approximating the palatoglossal arch to its contralateral mate?
Which muscle is responsible for approximating the palatoglossal arch to its contralateral mate?
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Which nerve supplies the sensory innervation of the tongue?
Which nerve supplies the sensory innervation of the tongue?
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Which part of the tongue contains papillae with taste buds?
Which part of the tongue contains papillae with taste buds?
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Which structure overlies the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery?
Which structure overlies the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery?
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What is the communication between the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa?
What is the communication between the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa?
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Which nerve is a content of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Which nerve is a content of the pterygopalatine fossa?
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What forms the floor of the temporal fossa?
What forms the floor of the temporal fossa?
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Which artery overlies the pterion?
Which artery overlies the pterion?
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What is the boundary between the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa?
What is the boundary between the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa?
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Which nerve is a content of the infratemporal fossa?
Which nerve is a content of the infratemporal fossa?
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What is the posterior boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
What is the posterior boundary of the infratemporal fossa?
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Which artery supplies the mucosa of the posterior part of the nasal septum?
Which artery supplies the mucosa of the posterior part of the nasal septum?
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Which artery supplies the walls and contents of the pterygoid canal?
Which artery supplies the walls and contents of the pterygoid canal?
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Which artery is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery, entering the nasal cavity via the sphenopalatine foramen?
Which artery is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery, entering the nasal cavity via the sphenopalatine foramen?
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Which artery supplies the lower eyelid, side of the nose, and upper lip on the face?
Which artery supplies the lower eyelid, side of the nose, and upper lip on the face?
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Which artery accompanies the infraorbital nerve to enter the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure?
Which artery accompanies the infraorbital nerve to enter the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure?
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Which artery supplies the mucosa of nasopharynx and sphenoidal sinus?
Which artery supplies the mucosa of nasopharynx and sphenoidal sinus?
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Which artery supplies the mucosa of the maxillary sinus and sometimes has a middle superior alveolar artery as well?
Which artery supplies the mucosa of the maxillary sinus and sometimes has a middle superior alveolar artery as well?
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Which artery accompanies the posterior superior alveolar nerve and descends on the posterior surface of the maxilla?
Which artery accompanies the posterior superior alveolar nerve and descends on the posterior surface of the maxilla?
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Which nerve contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the deep petrosal nerve?
Which nerve contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the deep petrosal nerve?
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Which nerve supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland?
Which nerve supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland?
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Which nerve provides general sensory fibers from the maxillary nerve?
Which nerve provides general sensory fibers from the maxillary nerve?
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Which nerve is a branch of the facial nerve and contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers for the lacrimal gland?
Which nerve is a branch of the facial nerve and contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers for the lacrimal gland?
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Which structure contains the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Which structure contains the pterygopalatine ganglion?
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Which nerve gives rise to branches including the infraorbital, zygomatic, and alveolar nerves?
Which nerve gives rise to branches including the infraorbital, zygomatic, and alveolar nerves?
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Which nerve forms the nerve of the pterygoid canal by joining with the deep petrosal nerve?
Which nerve forms the nerve of the pterygoid canal by joining with the deep petrosal nerve?
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Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the palate, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the palate, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx?
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Which nerve contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers?
Which nerve contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers?
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Which nerve is responsible for innervating the lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, and palate?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, and palate?
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Which nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal nerve?
Which nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal nerve?
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Which ganglion plays a role in innervating the lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, palate, and nasopharynx?
Which ganglion plays a role in innervating the lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, palate, and nasopharynx?
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Which nerve joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa?
Which nerve joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa?
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Which artery terminates in the pterygopalatine fossa?
Which artery terminates in the pterygopalatine fossa?
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Which artery provides circulation to the muscles of mastication?
Which artery provides circulation to the muscles of mastication?
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Which vein drains the pterygoid venous plexus in the infratemporal fossa?
Which vein drains the pterygoid venous plexus in the infratemporal fossa?
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Which nerve accompanies the posterior superior alveolar nerve and descends on the posterior surface of the maxilla?
Which nerve accompanies the posterior superior alveolar nerve and descends on the posterior surface of the maxilla?
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Which artery supplies the mucosa of nasopharynx and sphenoidal sinus?
Which artery supplies the mucosa of nasopharynx and sphenoidal sinus?
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Which nerve contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the deep petrosal nerve?
Which nerve contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the deep petrosal nerve?
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Which artery supplies the walls and contents of the pterygoid canal?
Which artery supplies the walls and contents of the pterygoid canal?
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Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the palate, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the palate, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx?
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Which vein drains the scalp posterior and superior to the auricle?
Which vein drains the scalp posterior and superior to the auricle?
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Which nerve supplies the sensory innervation of the palate?
Which nerve supplies the sensory innervation of the palate?
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Which nerve contains sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers and arises from the medulla of the brainstem?
Which nerve contains sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers and arises from the medulla of the brainstem?
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The tip of the nose is also known as the:
The tip of the nose is also known as the:
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The nostrils are bordered laterally by the:
The nostrils are bordered laterally by the:
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The nasal cavity communicates posteriorly with the nasopharynx via the:
The nasal cavity communicates posteriorly with the nasopharynx via the:
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The olfactory mucosa lines the highest part of the roof and contains:
The olfactory mucosa lines the highest part of the roof and contains:
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The nasal mucosa is continuous with the mucosal lining of:
The nasal mucosa is continuous with the mucosal lining of:
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The supporting framework of the nose is composed of:
The supporting framework of the nose is composed of:
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The nasal cavity consists of a floor, a roof, two lateral walls, and a:
The nasal cavity consists of a floor, a roof, two lateral walls, and a:
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The respiratory mucosa of the nasal cavity is covered by:
The respiratory mucosa of the nasal cavity is covered by:
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Which bone contains the frontal sinuses?
Which bone contains the frontal sinuses?
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Which artery forms a common site of epistaxis (nosebleed)?
Which artery forms a common site of epistaxis (nosebleed)?
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Which sinus is related superiorly to the pituitary gland and optic chiasm?
Which sinus is related superiorly to the pituitary gland and optic chiasm?
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Which part of the nasal cavity drains into the nasopharynx?
Which part of the nasal cavity drains into the nasopharynx?
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Which artery supplies the maxillary sinus and its contents?
Which artery supplies the maxillary sinus and its contents?
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Which structure forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
Which structure forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
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Which bone contains the ethmoidal air cells?
Which bone contains the ethmoidal air cells?
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Which artery forms a plexus in the submucosa of the nasal cavity?
Which artery forms a plexus in the submucosa of the nasal cavity?
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Which bone contains the maxillary sinus?
Which bone contains the maxillary sinus?
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Which part of the nasal cavity receives secretions from the paranasal air sinuses and nasolacrimal duct?
Which part of the nasal cavity receives secretions from the paranasal air sinuses and nasolacrimal duct?
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Which artery provides circulation to the nasal cavity?
Which artery provides circulation to the nasal cavity?
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Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the anterior cranial fossa?
Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the anterior cranial fossa?
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Which opening transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery?
Which opening transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery?
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Where is the infraorbital foramen located?
Where is the infraorbital foramen located?
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What is the primary communication function of the supraorbital notch (or foramen)?
What is the primary communication function of the supraorbital notch (or foramen)?
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What is the function of the nasolacrimal canal?
What is the function of the nasolacrimal canal?
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Which artery usually accompanies the lacrimal nerve and gives off branches that accompany the zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerves?
Which artery usually accompanies the lacrimal nerve and gives off branches that accompany the zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerves?
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Which vein communicates anteriorly with the facial vein and usually joins the superior ophthalmic vein, but may drain directly into the cavernous sinus?
Which vein communicates anteriorly with the facial vein and usually joins the superior ophthalmic vein, but may drain directly into the cavernous sinus?
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Which muscle divides the posterior triangle of the neck into occipital and supraclavicular triangles?
Which muscle divides the posterior triangle of the neck into occipital and supraclavicular triangles?
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Which muscle is responsible for drawing down the lower lip and angle of the mouth?
Which muscle is responsible for drawing down the lower lip and angle of the mouth?
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Which artery supplies the walls and contents of the pterygoid canal?
Which artery supplies the walls and contents of the pterygoid canal?
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Which nerve innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for specific movements related to phonation and respiration?
Which nerve innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for specific movements related to phonation and respiration?
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Which vein is a tributary of the internal jugular vein?
Which vein is a tributary of the internal jugular vein?
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Which muscle group supports the position of the larynx in the neck?
Which muscle group supports the position of the larynx in the neck?
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Which artery accompanies the infraorbital nerve to enter the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure?
Which artery accompanies the infraorbital nerve to enter the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure?
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Which structure contains the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Which structure contains the pterygopalatine ganglion?
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Which bone contains the ethmoidal air cells?
Which bone contains the ethmoidal air cells?
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Which nerve supplies the motor innervation for the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation for the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
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Which layer of the eyeball contains the macula lutea and fovea centralis for visual acuity?
Which layer of the eyeball contains the macula lutea and fovea centralis for visual acuity?
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What is the function of the ciliary muscle in the eyeball?
What is the function of the ciliary muscle in the eyeball?
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Which part of the eye contains the blind spot with no photoreceptors?
Which part of the eye contains the blind spot with no photoreceptors?
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Through which space does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extend from the middle cranial fossa around the optic nerve to the eyeball?
Through which space does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extend from the middle cranial fossa around the optic nerve to the eyeball?
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Which artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery and supplies the orbit via the optic canal?
Which artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery and supplies the orbit via the optic canal?
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What forms the posterior part of the fibrous layer of the eyeball and is continuous with the cornea?
What forms the posterior part of the fibrous layer of the eyeball and is continuous with the cornea?
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Which layer of the eyeball contains the iris with smooth muscles controlling pupillary size?
Which layer of the eyeball contains the iris with smooth muscles controlling pupillary size?
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What is the function of the ciliary processes in the eyeball?
What is the function of the ciliary processes in the eyeball?
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Which part of the eyeball contains the transparent segment that bulges from the sclera and has no blood vessels?
Which part of the eyeball contains the transparent segment that bulges from the sclera and has no blood vessels?
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Where does the optic nerve begin in the eyeball?
Where does the optic nerve begin in the eyeball?
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What surrounds the optic nerve as it extends from the eyeball to the brain?
What surrounds the optic nerve as it extends from the eyeball to the brain?
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Through which foramen does the ophthalmic artery enter the orbit to supply the eyeball?
Through which foramen does the ophthalmic artery enter the orbit to supply the eyeball?
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What is the primary function of the auricle (pinna)?
What is the primary function of the auricle (pinna)?
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What is the composition of the tympanic membrane?
What is the composition of the tympanic membrane?
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What are the walls of the lateral part of the external acoustic/auditory meatus composed of?
What are the walls of the lateral part of the external acoustic/auditory meatus composed of?
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What characterizes the lobule of the auricle?
What characterizes the lobule of the auricle?
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Which part of the internal ear is sensitive to horizontal acceleration?
Which part of the internal ear is sensitive to horizontal acceleration?
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What is the main function of the maculae within the utricle and saccule?
What is the main function of the maculae within the utricle and saccule?
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Which part of the internal ear contains the spiral organ/organ of Corti, responsible for hearing?
Which part of the internal ear contains the spiral organ/organ of Corti, responsible for hearing?
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Which nerve innervates the maculae and cristae ampullares within the internal ear?
Which nerve innervates the maculae and cristae ampullares within the internal ear?
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Which muscle is responsible for dampening the vibrations of the auditory ossicles in the middle ear?
Which muscle is responsible for dampening the vibrations of the auditory ossicles in the middle ear?
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What is the primary function of the Eustachian tube?
What is the primary function of the Eustachian tube?
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Which structure separates the middle ear from the internal ear?
Which structure separates the middle ear from the internal ear?
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What characterizes glue ear, or otitis media with effusion?
What characterizes glue ear, or otitis media with effusion?
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What can cause tinnitus, a ringing in the ears?
What can cause tinnitus, a ringing in the ears?
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Where does the tensor tympani muscle insert?
Where does the tensor tympani muscle insert?
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What is the primary function of the auditory ossicles in the middle ear?
What is the primary function of the auditory ossicles in the middle ear?
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What is the common prevalence of tinnitus in the population?
What is the common prevalence of tinnitus in the population?
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What is the characteristic shape of the cochlea?
What is the characteristic shape of the cochlea?
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What is the primary cause of ear infections such as otitis media?
What is the primary cause of ear infections such as otitis media?
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What is the primary content of the tympanic cavity in the middle ear?
What is the primary content of the tympanic cavity in the middle ear?
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What is the characteristic feature of chronic otitis media?
What is the characteristic feature of chronic otitis media?
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Which ligament strengthens the lateral aspect of the temporomandibular joint capsule?
Which ligament strengthens the lateral aspect of the temporomandibular joint capsule?
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What separates the temporomandibular joint into superior and inferior compartments?
What separates the temporomandibular joint into superior and inferior compartments?
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Which ligament lies medial to the temporomandibular joint capsule and extends from the spine of the sphenoid to the lingula of the mandibular foramen?
Which ligament lies medial to the temporomandibular joint capsule and extends from the spine of the sphenoid to the lingula of the mandibular foramen?
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Which ligament lies posterior/inferior to and separate from the temporomandibular joint capsule?
Which ligament lies posterior/inferior to and separate from the temporomandibular joint capsule?
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Which muscle draws eyebrows medially and produces vertical wrinkles in the supranasal part of the forehead?
Which muscle draws eyebrows medially and produces vertical wrinkles in the supranasal part of the forehead?
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Which muscle of the mouth acts as a sphincter muscle of the lips to compress them together and protrude them?
Which muscle of the mouth acts as a sphincter muscle of the lips to compress them together and protrude them?
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Which muscle originates from the outer surfaces of alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, and compresses the cheek against molar teeth?
Which muscle originates from the outer surfaces of alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, and compresses the cheek against molar teeth?
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Which nerve innervates the mimetic muscles of the face?
Which nerve innervates the mimetic muscles of the face?
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Where does the facial nerve exit the temporal bone?
Where does the facial nerve exit the temporal bone?
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Which muscle of the nose is located over the root of the nose and produces transverse wrinkles across the root of the nose?
Which muscle of the nose is located over the root of the nose and produces transverse wrinkles across the root of the nose?
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Which muscle of the mouth draws the angle of the mouth upward and backward (smiling)?
Which muscle of the mouth draws the angle of the mouth upward and backward (smiling)?
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Which muscle of the mouth retracts the angle of the mouth (grinning)?
Which muscle of the mouth retracts the angle of the mouth (grinning)?
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Which muscle is not a part of the muscles of mastication?
Which muscle is not a part of the muscles of mastication?
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What is the primary movement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
What is the primary movement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
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What is the most prevalent gender ratio affected by TMJ disorders?
What is the most prevalent gender ratio affected by TMJ disorders?
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Which condition is often associated with jaw clenching and teeth grinding?
Which condition is often associated with jaw clenching and teeth grinding?
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What is a common symptom of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPD)?
What is a common symptom of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPD)?
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Which event can cause temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders?
Which event can cause temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders?
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Which muscle is responsible for jaw clenching?
Which muscle is responsible for jaw clenching?
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What can temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation lead to?
What can temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation lead to?
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Which muscle is embedded in the superficial fascia of the face?
Which muscle is embedded in the superficial fascia of the face?
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What are the common physical findings of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPD)?
What are the common physical findings of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPD)?
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Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
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What is a potential cause of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPD)?
What is a potential cause of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPD)?
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Where does the vertebral artery enter the cranial cavity?
Where does the vertebral artery enter the cranial cavity?
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Where does the basilar artery terminate?
Where does the basilar artery terminate?
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Where does the internal carotid artery begin?
Where does the internal carotid artery begin?
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Where does the internal carotid artery terminate?
Where does the internal carotid artery terminate?
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Which artery enters the orbit via the optic canal together with the optic nerve?
Which artery enters the orbit via the optic canal together with the optic nerve?
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Which artery forms a potential vascular shunt, aiding in the development of collateral circulation if one of the proximal vessels is occluded?
Which artery forms a potential vascular shunt, aiding in the development of collateral circulation if one of the proximal vessels is occluded?
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Which sinus is located in the middle cranial fossa and drains contents of the orbit, parts of the cerebral hemisphere, pituitary gland, and sphenoparietal sinus?
Which sinus is located in the middle cranial fossa and drains contents of the orbit, parts of the cerebral hemisphere, pituitary gland, and sphenoparietal sinus?
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Which structure roofs over the posterior cranial fossa, separating the cerebellum from the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
Which structure roofs over the posterior cranial fossa, separating the cerebellum from the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
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Which sinus runs along the upper border of the falx cerebri and terminates posteriorly in the confluence of the sinuses?
Which sinus runs along the upper border of the falx cerebri and terminates posteriorly in the confluence of the sinuses?
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Which sinus is a direct continuation of the transverse sinus and terminates in the jugular foramen, where it becomes continuous with the internal jugular vein?
Which sinus is a direct continuation of the transverse sinus and terminates in the jugular foramen, where it becomes continuous with the internal jugular vein?
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Which structure forms a small circular fold that roofs over the sella turcica and has a small opening for the pituitary stalk?
Which structure forms a small circular fold that roofs over the sella turcica and has a small opening for the pituitary stalk?
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Which sinus communicates superiorly with the confluence of the sinuses and inferiorly with the internal vertebral venous plexus within the vertebral canal?
Which sinus communicates superiorly with the confluence of the sinuses and inferiorly with the internal vertebral venous plexus within the vertebral canal?
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Which artery runs along the posterior border of the tentorium cerebelli and, when it reaches the petrous part of the temporal bone, turns down to become continuous with the sigmoid sinus?
Which artery runs along the posterior border of the tentorium cerebelli and, when it reaches the petrous part of the temporal bone, turns down to become continuous with the sigmoid sinus?
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Which structure is located in the midline, along the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli, and terminates posteriorly in the confluence of the sinuses?
Which structure is located in the midline, along the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli, and terminates posteriorly in the confluence of the sinuses?
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Which structure is a small sickle-shaped fold in the posterior cranial fossa that projects between the two cerebellar hemispheres?
Which structure is a small sickle-shaped fold in the posterior cranial fossa that projects between the two cerebellar hemispheres?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of Neck Muscles and Nerve Supply
- Sternocleidomastoid muscle has multiple actions including tenses skin of neck and draws down lower lip and angle of mouth
- It originates from the sternum and clavicle and inserts onto the mastoid process and superior nuchal line
- Innervated by the accessory nerve and branches from C2 and C3 spinal nerves
- Sternocleidomastoid divides the anterolateral part of the neck into anterior and posterior triangles
- Infrahyoid muscles including sternohyoid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid, and sternothyroid depress the hyoid and stabilize the larynx
- Suprahyoid muscles including digastric, stylohyoid, and mylohyoid elevate the hyoid and depress the mandible
- Digastric muscle consists of posterior and anterior bellies connected by an intermediate tendon
- Stylohyoid muscle originates from the styloid process and elevates the hyoid bone
- Lateral vertebral muscles including scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, and scalenus posterior are involved in lateral flexion of the neck and elevation of the 1st and 2nd ribs
- Anterolateral neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles, with the anterior triangle further divided into submandibular, carotid, muscular, and submental triangles
- Submandibular triangle contains submandibular gland, facial vessels, submandibular lymph nodes, hypoglossal nerve, and mylohyoid nerve and vessels
- Anterior triangle of the neck is bounded by the midline of the neck, anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, and inferior border of the body of the mandible, and is further divided into several subdivisions
Larynx Anatomy and Function Overview
- The larynx is responsible for sound production, breathing, and protecting the trachea from aspiration.
- It is located at C3 - C6 in adults and has a skeleton made up of 3 paired and unpaired cartilages.
- The cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid joints allow for specific movements of the larynx.
- Membranes and ligaments like the thyrohyoid membrane and vocal ligament play important roles in supporting and connecting the larynx.
- The larynx has intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that control its movement and function, innervated by branches of the vagus nerve.
- It is internally divided into three parts: laryngeal inlet, glottis, and infraglottal region.
- The laryngeal inlet communicates between the laryngopharynx and larynx and is covered by respiratory epithelium.
- The glottis, consisting of vocal folds and space between them, is crucial for sound production and is innervated by the vagus nerve.
- The infraglottic region extends from vocal folds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage and is associated with clinical conditions like vocal cord polyps and laryngitis.
- Extrinsic laryngeal muscles, including suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, support the position of the larynx.
- Intrinsic laryngeal muscles like cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and thyroarytenoid are responsible for specific movements related to phonation and respiration.
- The functions of specific muscles, such as the transverse arytenoid and vocalis muscles, are crucial for controlling pitch and adjusting the tension of the vocal ligament.
Anatomy of the Palate and Tongue
- The palate contains muscles such as levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus, and the uvular muscle, each with specific actions related to tongue and palate movement.
- The motor innervation of these muscles involves the medial pterygoid nerve for the tensor veli palatini and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve for the other muscles, while sensory innervation is through various branches of nerves like the glossopharyngeal nerve.
- The palate is supplied by arteries such as the greater and lesser palatine arteries and veins drain into the pterygoid venous plexus and pharyngeal venous plexus.
- The tongue is a highly muscular organ with functions including speech, food manipulation, tasting, swallowing, and oral cavity cleansing and is comprised of different parts including the root, body, dorsum, and inferior surface.
- Surface features of the tongue include the terminal sulcus, foramen cecum, and median sulcus, with additional features on the sublingual surface such as the lingual frenulum, deep lingual vein, sublingual caruncle, and sublingual fold.
- The oral part of the tongue is characterized by papillae including filiform, fungiform, vallate, and foliate papillae, with the latter three containing taste buds, while the pharyngeal part lacks papillae and is characterized by rounded elevations caused by lymphoid nodules.
- The tongue contains both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles, including the genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus as extrinsic muscles, and superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse, and vertical muscles as intrinsic muscles.
- The motor nerve supply of the tongue involves the vagus nerve for the palatoglossus and the hypoglossal nerve for all other extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.
- The levator veli palatini muscle is located within the palatoglossal arch and extends from the soft palate to the side of the tongue, with the action of elevating the root of the tongue and approximating the palatoglossal arch to its contralateral mate.
- The tongue plays a crucial role in various functions such as speech, food manipulation, tasting, swallowing, and oral cavity cleansing.
- The palate contains muscles with specific actions related to tongue and palate movement, with distinct motor and sensory innervation from various nerves and a complex network of arteries and veins.
- The tongue is a highly muscular organ with various surface features and muscles, each with specific functions and nerve supply.
Pterygopalatine Fossa and Pterygopalatine Ganglion Overview
- The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located near the infratemporal fossa, with specific boundaries and various communications with nearby structures.
- It communicates with the cavernous sinus, inferior ophthalmic vein, and facial vein, and has connections to the orbit, nasal cavity, and middle cranial fossa.
- The fossa contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery, and the pterygopalatine ganglion.
- The maxillary nerve, a sensory nerve, passes through the pterygopalatine fossa and gives rise to various branches, including the infraorbital, zygomatic, and alveolar nerves.
- The pterygopalatine ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the fossa, receiving sensory, preganglionic parasympathetic, and postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
- It is the source of general sensory fibers from the maxillary nerve, preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal nerve, and postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the deep petrosal nerve.
- The ganglion plays a role in innervating the lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, palate, and nasopharynx, as well as the mucosal glands of the nasal cavity and palate.
- The greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve, contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers for the lacrimal gland and the glands of the nasal cavity, palate, and nasopharynx.
- It joins the deep petrosal nerve, which contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers, to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal.
- The nerve of the pterygoid canal passes through the pterygoid canal and terminates in the pterygopalatine ganglion, where preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse.
- Branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion include the greater and lesser palatine nerves, nasopalatine nerve, posterolateral nasal branches, and the pharyngeal nerve, which supply various areas in the palate, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx.
- The pterygopalatine ganglion also plays a role in the innervation of the mucosa of the sphenoidal sinus and nasopharynx.
Mandibular Nerve and Maxillary Artery in Infratemporal Fossa
- Mandibular nerve contains sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers
- It leaves the middle cranial fossa and enters the infratemporal fossa via foramen ovale
- The nerve lies deep to lateral pterygoid and branches into anterior and posterior divisions
- Branches from the main trunk include medial pterygoid, meningeal, masseteric, lateral pterygoid, deep temporal, buccal, auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, and lingual nerves
- Chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve, joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa
- Otic ganglion is a small parasympathetic ganglion located in the infratemporal fossa
- Maxillary artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, passes through the infratemporal fossa and terminates in the pterygopalatine fossa
- The artery has three parts: mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine, each with specific branches
- Branches of the mandibular part include deep auricular, anterior tympanic, middle meningeal, accessory meningeal, and inferior alveolar arteries
- The pterygoid part of the maxillary artery provides circulation to the muscles of mastication
- The maxillary artery distributes to the tympanic region, muscles of mastication, meninges, lower teeth, and pterygoid venous plexus in the infratemporal fossa
- The pterygoid venous plexus is a complex network of veins in the infratemporal fossa, drained by the maxillary vein and connecting with the parotid gland
Structure and Innervation of the Eyeball
- Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina located along frontoethmoidal suture
- Eyeball consists of 3 concentric layers: fibrous layer, vascular layer, and inner layer (retina)
- Sclera forms the posterior part of the fibrous layer and is continuous with the cornea at the corneoscleral junction
- Cornea, a transparent segment of the fibrous layer, bulges from the sclera and has no blood vessels
- Vascular layer consists of choroid, ciliary body, and iris
- Ciliary body contains ciliary muscle for accommodation and ciliary processes that secrete aqueous humor
- Iris contains smooth muscles controlling pupillary size and receives parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
- Inner layer (retina) has optic and nonvisual parts and contains the macula lutea and fovea centralis for visual acuity
- Optic disc, located medial to the macula lutea, is the blind spot with no photoreceptors
- Optic nerve begins at the optic disc and is surrounded by sheaths of pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater
- Subarachnoid space with its CSF extends from the middle cranial fossa around the optic nerve to the eyeball
- Ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid artery, enters the orbit via the optic canal and gives off the central artery of the retina
Middle Ear Anatomy and Clinical Considerations
- The tympanic membrane is concave laterally at the umbo, with the handle and lateral process of the malleus firmly attached to its inner surface.
- Ear infections, such as otitis media, can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, and chronic or acute in nature. It is common in children and can lead to symptoms like pain, pressure, and hearing loss.
- Glue ear, or otitis media with effusion, is characterized by the filling of the middle ear with fluid, leading to temporary hearing loss, and is more prevalent in children.
- Tinnitus, a ringing in the ears, affects 10-15% of the population and can be caused by various factors such as hearing loss, ototoxic drugs, or head injury.
- The middle ear, or tympanic cavity, is a small, air-containing cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone, housing the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the internal ear.
- The walls of the tympanic cavity include a thin bony roof, a floor separating it from the internal jugular vein, an anterior wall separating it from the internal carotid artery, and a posterior wall communicating with the mastoid air cells.
- The middle ear also contains the pyramidal eminence housing the stapedius muscle and is formed mostly by the tympanic membrane, which separates it from the internal ear.
- The three auditory ossicles in the middle ear are the malleus, incus, and stapes, which transmit and dampen vibrations. They are also modified and dampened by the protective action of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles.
- The tensor tympani muscle inserts into the handle of the malleus, while the stapedius muscle is located within the pyramidal eminence of the posterior tympanic cavity and inserts into the stapes.
- The Eustachian tube, also known as the pharyngotympanic tube, allows for equalization of pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane and begins in the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity, ending in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx.
- The bony labyrinth of the internal ear contains clear fluid (perilymph) and three semicircular canals, while the membranous labyrinth consists of membranous sacs and ducts contained within the bony labyrinth.
- The cochlea, resembling a snail shell, consists of a central pillar (modiolus) around which a bony tube makes approximately two turns, containing circulating endolymph connected to the subarachnoid space through the perilymphatic duct.
Temporomandibular Joint and Related Disorders
- Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a thickening of parotid fascia extending from the styloid process to the posterior border of the mandible ramus
- TMJ movement occurs in three planes: elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, and right/left lateral excursion
- Muscles of mastication include the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid, all innervated by branches of V3
- TMJ disorders affect around 25% of the population and are more prevalent in females (4:1 ratio)
- TMJ dislocation can lead to various injuries, such as facial nerve injury, intracranial hematomas, and damage to cranial nerves, resulting in deafness
- Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPD) is a chronic muscle tension disorder often associated with jaw clenching and teeth grinding
- MPD may result from poor positioning of the articulating disc or degenerative joint disease within the TMJ
- Common symptoms of MPD include pain in mastication muscles, radiating pain to the ear/jaw, clicking/popping/locking of the jaw, and headache/neck pain
- Physical findings of MPD include limited mouth opening, muscle spasm, facial swelling, audible clicking/popping, and TMJ tenderness
- Mimetic muscles of the face are embedded in the superficial fascia, originating from the skull bones and serving as sphincters or dilators of facial openings
- Muscles of the orbit, such as the orbicularis oculi, are part of the mimetic muscles group
- TMJ disorders can be caused by traumatic events like sports injuries, vehicular accidents, dental work, and falls
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Test your knowledge of the anatomy of neck muscles and nerve supply with this quiz. Explore the functions, origins, insertions, and innervation of key muscles like the sternocleidomastoid and infrahyoid muscles. Identify the divisions and contents of the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck.
