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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the center that helps to keep the apneustic center in check?
What is the name of the center that helps to keep the apneustic center in check?
What is the effect of increased alveolar ventilation rate on the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli?
What is the effect of increased alveolar ventilation rate on the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli?
What is the term for breathing of increased volume of ventilation for a long period?
What is the term for breathing of increased volume of ventilation for a long period?
What is the ideal ventilation-perfusion ratio in the lungs?
What is the ideal ventilation-perfusion ratio in the lungs?
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What is the effect of histamine on pulmonary blood vessels?
What is the effect of histamine on pulmonary blood vessels?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the pneumotaxic center?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the pneumotaxic center?
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What is the term for the amount of inspired air that enters the gas-exchange areas of the lungs per minute?
What is the term for the amount of inspired air that enters the gas-exchange areas of the lungs per minute?
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Where is the mismatch of ventilation-perfusion ratio most pronounced?
Where is the mismatch of ventilation-perfusion ratio most pronounced?
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Which glands are located underneath the eyelid?
Which glands are located underneath the eyelid?
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Which nodes receive afferents from the centre of the forehead?
Which nodes receive afferents from the centre of the forehead?
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Where is Killian's dehiscence located?
Where is Killian's dehiscence located?
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What is the function of the thyropharyngeous part of the inferior constrictor muscle?
What is the function of the thyropharyngeous part of the inferior constrictor muscle?
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What is contained in the fossa incudis?
What is contained in the fossa incudis?
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What is the relationship between the long process of incus and the head of stapes?
What is the relationship between the long process of incus and the head of stapes?
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What is the location of the footplate of stapes?
What is the location of the footplate of stapes?
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What is the function of the submandibular nodes?
What is the function of the submandibular nodes?
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What is the main component of the enteric nervous system?
What is the main component of the enteric nervous system?
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What is the function of the parasympathetic stimulation on the GI tract?
What is the function of the parasympathetic stimulation on the GI tract?
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Where are Hassall's corpuscles found?
Where are Hassall's corpuscles found?
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What is the function of the papillary ducts in the kidney?
What is the function of the papillary ducts in the kidney?
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What type of gland is the breast?
What type of gland is the breast?
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What is the connection between the enteric nervous system and extrinsic nerves?
What is the connection between the enteric nervous system and extrinsic nerves?
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What is the role of the sympathetic stimulation on the GI tract?
What is the role of the sympathetic stimulation on the GI tract?
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What is the characteristic of the Hassall's corpuscles?
What is the characteristic of the Hassall's corpuscles?
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Which nerve carries preganglionic secretomotor fibers to submandibular and sublingual glands?
Which nerve carries preganglionic secretomotor fibers to submandibular and sublingual glands?
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Which nerves unite to form the Vidian nerve?
Which nerves unite to form the Vidian nerve?
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Where is Woodruff's area located in the nasal cavity?
Where is Woodruff's area located in the nasal cavity?
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Which part of the middle ear contains the scutum?
Which part of the middle ear contains the scutum?
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Which of the following is not a part of the bony labyrinth?
Which of the following is not a part of the bony labyrinth?
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Which nerve carries taste sensations from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Which nerve carries taste sensations from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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What is the main function of the chorda tympani nerve?
What is the main function of the chorda tympani nerve?
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Where is the sphenopalatine artery anastomosed with the posterior pharyngeal artery?
Where is the sphenopalatine artery anastomosed with the posterior pharyngeal artery?
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What is the effect of mannitol infusion on the body?
What is the effect of mannitol infusion on the body?
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What is the correct order of velocity in blood vessels?
What is the correct order of velocity in blood vessels?
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What is the effect of infusion of hypotonic saline on the body?
What is the effect of infusion of hypotonic saline on the body?
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What is the normal range of QRS axis in a normal heart?
What is the normal range of QRS axis in a normal heart?
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What is the effect of Herring-Breuer reflex on the body?
What is the effect of Herring-Breuer reflex on the body?
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What is the effect of mannitol infusion on intra-ocular tension?
What is the effect of mannitol infusion on intra-ocular tension?
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What is the consequence of a shift of water from ECF to ICF?
What is the consequence of a shift of water from ECF to ICF?
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What is the direction of the mean QRS vector in a normal heart?
What is the direction of the mean QRS vector in a normal heart?
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Study Notes
Anatomy
- Krause's glands are accessory lacrimal glands located underneath the eyelid.
- Submandibular nodes are located deep to the investing layer of deep cervical fascia in the submandibular triangle, between the deep fascia and submandibular gland.
- These nodes receive afferents from the centre of the forehead, anterior part of the nasal cavity, frontal, maxillary, and ethmoidal air sinuses, inner canthus, whole of upper lip, and anterior part of the cheek.
- Submandibular nodes also receive efferents of submental nodes and drain into upper and lower deep cervical nodes.
Pharynx
- Killian's dehiscence is a potential gap between the two parts of the inferior constrictor muscle, thyropharyngeous and cricopharyngeous, and is also known as the gateway to tear.
- It is the site for herniation of pharyngeal mucosa in case of pharyngeal pouch.
Middle Ear
- Fossa incudis contains the short process of the incus.
- Head of malleus is attached to epitympanum by the ligament of the head of malleus.
- Long process of incus is attached to the head of the stapes.
- Footplate of stapes lies over the oval window.
Laryngeal Cartilage
- Chorda tympani arises from the intratemporal part of the facial nerve and carries preganglionic secretomotor fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands.
- It joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa and carries taste sensations from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
Nerve
- Vidian nerve is formed by the union of the greater petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve.
Nasal Cavity
- Woodruff's area is located on the posteriorinferior part of the lateral nasal wall, under the posterior end of the inferior turbinate.
- Sphenopalatine artery anastomoses with the posterior pharyngeal artery in this area.
Inner Ear
- The inner ear consists of a membranous labyrinth enclosed in a bony labyrinth.
- The bony labyrinth consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals.
- The membranous labyrinth consists of the cochlear duct, utricle, saccules, three semicircular ducts, and the endolymphatic duct and sac.
Lymphatic Drainage
- Lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland is mainly through the Meissner's plexus.
Thymus
- Hassall's corpuscles are found in the medulla of the thymus and are onion-like structures with an intensely eosinophilic core of dead material.
Kidney
- Ducts of Bellini are present in the kidney and are also known as papillary ducts.
Breast
- The breast is a modified sweat gland, specifically an apocrine type of sweat gland.
Respiratory System
- The respiratory rhythm is established in the medulla and can be spoilt by a strong inspiratory drive originating in the apneustic centers.
- The pneumotaxic center of the upper pons and the influence from stretch receptors in the lung via the vagus inhibit inspiratory activity.
Ventilation and Perfusion
- Alveolar ventilation is the amount of inspired air entering the gas-exchange areas (alveoli) per minute during quiet breathing.
- An increase in alveolar ventilation rate decreases the partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli.
- Mismatch of ventilation/perfusion ratio is seen in both the apex and base of the lung.
Cardiovascular System
- The normal electrical axis of the heart lies between -30° and +100°.
- If the axis is more negative than -30°, it is called left axis deviation, whereas if the axis is more positive than +100°, it is called right axis deviation.
Other
- Herring Breuer reflex is an increase in the duration of inspiration.
- Isocapnic exercise is breathing of increased volume of ventilation for a long period.
- Pulmonary vasodilation is caused by histamine.
- Infusion of hypotonic saline increases both ICF and ECF.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of lymphatics in the face, specifically the drainage of anterior lymphatics from the nose. It also touches on the location and function of submandibular nodes.
