Anatomy and Physiology of the Lymphatic System

Infections and Leukocytosis

• Infections are often accompanied by leukocytosis.

Spleen Function

• The spleen removes worn out blood cells from circulation.

Lymphatic System

• Removal of lymphatic vessels and nodes from the right axillary region can cause the right arm to become oedematous.

Tonsillectomy

• Tonsillectomy is the term used for the removal of palatine tonsils.

Thymus Gland

• The thymus gland is related to the processing and maturation of T lymphocytes.

Intestinal Villus

• A lacteal is located within the intestinal villus.

Lymph Nodes

• Lymph nodes are populated with lymphocytes and macrophages.

Lymphatic Capillaries

• Lymphatic capillaries absorb tissue fluid and transport it toward the heart.

Lymphocytes

• Band T cells are a type of lymphocytes.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

• Anaphylaxis is the name of a severe hypersensitivity reaction.

Infections and Immunity

• An infection is often accompanied by leukocytosis
• Spleen removes worn out blood cells from circulation
• Lymphatic vessels and nodes, when removed from the right axillary region, can cause oedema in the right arm
• Tonsillectomy is the term used for removal of palatine tonsils
• Thymus gland is the structure related to the processing and maturation of T lymphocytes
• A lacteal is located within the intestinal villus
• Lymph nodes are populated with lymphocytes and macrophages
• Lymphatic capillaries absorb tissue fluid and transport it toward the heart
• Band T cells are lymphocytes
• Anaphylaxis is the term used for a severe hypersensitivity reaction
• Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when you have had a disease, such as measles, as a child
• An allergen is called an antigen
• Band T cells represent specific immunity
• Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are indicative of infection/inflammation
• Macrophages engulf the pathogen to achieve antigen presentation
• Killer T cells destroy pathogens by punching holes in their cell membranes
• Memory T cells remember if an antigen is presented later in the future
• Infections are most common in people with AIDS
• Immunisation is the term used for dead pathogens to stimulate antibody production
• Antipyretic is a drug that lowers a fever
• Interferons are a group of proteins secreted by virally infected cells

Endocrine System

• Calcium and parathyroid hormone control plasma levels of calcium
• Insulin and glucagon are secreted by the pancreas and regulate blood glucose
• The pineal gland secretes melatonin
• The thyroid gland secretes T3, T4, and calcitonin
• The gonad secretes estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
• Hyperglycaemia is caused by a deficiency of insulin
• Sudden withdrawal of cortisol causes acute adrenal insufficiency
• Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, helps regulate salt and water balance
• High plasma levels of glucose are the stimulus for the release of insulin
• Enlargement of the thyroid gland is called a goitre

Digestive System

• Mechanical digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller pieces, such as chewing
• The liver is the organ that detoxifies drugs, stores vitamins, and synthesises clotting factors
• Enamel, dentin, and cementum are related to teeth
• Bile is the substance most associated with emulsification
• Gingiva refers to the gums
• The liver produces bile
• Obstruction of the common bile duct causes jaundice
• Paralytic ileus is the slowing or stoppage of GI motility
• Absorption is the process most related to microvilli
• Cellulose is a dietary fibre that cannot be digested by humans
• The fundus, body, and pylorus are part of the stomach
• The duodenum and jejunum are the sites of absorption for most end products of digestion
• The lower oesophageal structure prevents gastric reflux