Module 2

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What type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

Synovial joint

Syndesmosis (correct)

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

What type of joint is characterized by bones connected by a layer of cartilage?

Synovial joint

Cartilaginous joint

Syndesmosis

Synchondrosis (correct)

What type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrocartilage?

Diarthrosis

Synchondrosis

Symphysis (correct)

Syndesmosis

What feature is common to all synovial joints?

Presence of a joint cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a joint that has a wide range of movement?

Diarthrosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint has articular surfaces lined by hyaline cartilage?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a joint that has bones connected by a layer of cartilage?

Cartilaginous joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a joint that has bones united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

Syndesmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for the fusion of the coccyx into a single, triangular bone?

20-30 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the failure of the L5/S1 lamina to fuse during development?

Spina bifida Signup and view all the answers

What type of joints have a joint cavity and are movable?

Synovial joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part away from the midline of the body?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement involves a change in angle between two bones of a joint?

Angular movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'spinning' movement of a bone or body part around its own axis?

Rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the simplest form of joint, where bones are joined by osseous union?

Synostosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part back towards the midline of the body?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

What can the skeleton provide clues about regarding an individual?

Their disease processes, sex, age, and cultural practices Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of long bones?

They are longer than they are wide with a tubular shaft Signup and view all the answers

What type of bones develop within tendons subjected to pressure?

Sesamoid bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the microscopic anatomy of bones?

Microscopic anatomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the visible features of bones that are acquired largely in postnatal life?

Secondary features Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of articular surfaces on bones?

To form joints and allow for movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the structure, function, and development of muscles?

Myology Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the movement mechanics of the body?

Kinesiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bursae in synovial joints?

They aid movements across joints and reduce friction. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint allows for multiaxial movement?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lever has the fulcrum positioned between the effort and resistance?

First-class lever Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature divides the joint cavity into different functional compartments?

Discs Signup and view all the answers

What type of lever is exemplified when bouncing a baby on your knee?

Second-class lever Signup and view all the answers

What common issue arises from inflammation in the bursae?

Bursitis Signup and view all the answers

What mechanical principle allows long bones to enhance speed or power of limb movements?

Lever systems Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes a hinge joint from other types of synovial joints?

It permits movement in only one plane. Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical term refers to the 'expanded upper end' of a long bone?

Head Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone comprises the appendicular skeleton?

Femur and humerus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vertebral column that supports the skull and allows for movement?

Supports the skull and trunk Signup and view all the answers

Which projection type found on bones is described as 'knuckle-shaped'?

Condyles Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits the axial skeleton?

Comprises the skull, vertebral column, and ribs Signup and view all the answers

How many vertebrae make up the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

12 Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is defined as an 'elongated elevation' on bone surfaces?

Line or crest Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the primary functions of the vertebral column?

Supports skull and trunk, allows movement, and protects the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of joint where bones are united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

Syndesmosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint has bones connected by a layer of cartilage, with no movement?

Synchondrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of joint that has bones united by fibrocartilage?

Symphysis Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of all synovial joints?

Wide range of movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a joint that has a wide range of movement?

Diarthroses Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a joint that has articular surfaces lined by hyaline cartilage?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint has a joint cavity?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a joint that has bones connected by a layer of cartilage with some movement?

Symphysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bursae in synovial joints?

To reduce friction and aid movements across joints Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows for multiaxial movement?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of lever is exemplified when bouncing a baby on your knee?

Second-class lever Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of bursae?

Bursitis Signup and view all the answers

What divides the joint cavity into different functional compartments?

Discs Signup and view all the answers

What mechanical principle allows long bones to enhance speed or power of limb movements?

Lever system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint is characterized by a cylindrical or spherical shape?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part around its own axis?

Rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for the fusion of the coccyx into a single, triangular bone?

20-30 years Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint has a joint cavity and is movable?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement involves a change in angle between two bones of a joint?

Angular movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part towards the midline of the body?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'spinning' movement of a bone or body part around its own axis?

Rotation Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint has bones united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

Fibrous joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the failure of the L5/S1 lamina to fuse during development?

Spina bifida Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part away from the midline of the body?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'body' of a long bone?

Shaft Signup and view all the answers

What can the skeleton provide clues about regarding an individual?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which type of projection is roughly rounded in shape?

Tubercle Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a depression in a bone that may be articular?

Fossa Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of long bones?

They have a tubular shaft and expanded articular ends Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are there in the human body?

206 Signup and view all the answers

What type of bones develop within tendons subjected to pressure?

Sesamoid bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the bones of the central line or axis of the body?

Axial skeleton Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the visible features of bones that are acquired largely in postnatal life?

Secondary features Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of articular surfaces on bones?

To form joints Signup and view all the answers

How many vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

33 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'knuckle-shaped' projections on bones?

Condyles Signup and view all the answers

How do bones classified according to microscopic anatomy differ?

In terms of compact and spongy bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vertebral column that allows for movement?

Allows for movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the structure, function, and development of muscles?

Myology Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the movement mechanics of the body?

Kinesiology Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature on bones is described as a 'knuckle-shaped' projection?

Condyle Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a long bone is referred to as the 'expanded upper end'?

Head Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the axial skeleton supports the skull and protects the spinal cord?

Vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

How many vertebrae are typically found in the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

5 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skeletal bone division includes the bones of limbs and girdles?

Appendicular skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which bone feature is described as an 'elongated depression' that can house blood vessels or nerves?

Groove Signup and view all the answers

How many groups of vertebrae make up the human vertebral column?

Five Signup and view all the answers

What term describes small projections that are adjacent to condyles on bones?

Epicondyles Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibrous joint is characterized by the roots of teeth and walls of the jaw?

Gomphosis Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilaginous joint is found in the epiphyses and costochondral joints with no movement?

Synchondrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is defined by a joint cavity and a wide range of movement?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

Which feature typically lines the articular surfaces of synovial joints?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrocartilage with some movement possible?

Symphysis Signup and view all the answers

Where would you most likely find an interosseous ligament?

Syndesmosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is responsible for shock absorption in the vertebral column?

Intervertebral (IV) joints Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a composite joint from a simple joint?

Involves more than two bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the horns (cornua) on Co1 of the coccyx?

Attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum Signup and view all the answers

Which movement decreases the angle between two bones in a joint?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a joint characterized by a lack of space (joint cavity) between bones and immobility?

Synarthroses Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature involves bending a joint to decrease the angle between bones?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

What feature is typical of cartilaginous joints?

Slightly moveable without a joint cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves drawing a body part in a circular motion?

Circumduction Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does the coccyx typically fuse into a single, triangular bone?

20-30 years Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement returns a limb to the anatomical position?

Lateral rotation Signup and view all the answers

What role do ligaments primarily serve in typical synovial joints?

Providing structural support and stability Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bones are characterized by being longer than they are wide, with a tubular shaft and expanded articular ends?

Long bones Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint is characterized by multiaxial movement, allowing movement in three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bursae within the synovial membrane?

To aid in movement and reduce friction at joints Signup and view all the answers

What term describes bones that develop within tendons subjected to pressure and help increase the lever function of muscles?

Sesamoid bones Signup and view all the answers

Which lever type has the resistance positioned between the fulcrum and the effort?

Second-class lever Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature of bones is typically acquired in postnatal life and usually has functional significance?

Secondary features Signup and view all the answers

Which bone classification includes bones that have no definable shape?

Irregular bones Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature divides the joint cavity into different functional compartments?

Discs Signup and view all the answers

What information can the skeleton provide about an individual?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lever has the fulcrum positioned between the effort and resistance?

First-class lever Signup and view all the answers

Bursitis refers to inflammation in which part of the synovial joint?

Bursae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of flat bones?

Thin and plate-like Signup and view all the answers

Which feature enhances the speed or power of limb movements by acting as a lever?

Long bones Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of bones is defined by a microscopic anatomy that includes both compact and spongy bone?

All bones Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone structure primarily aids in the movement mechanics of the body by increasing force or speed?

Sesamoid bones Signup and view all the answers

How can we classify bones?

<h1>Microscopic anatomy = compact & spongy bone Porosity = a measure of the void spaces in a material Gross anatomy = size and shape</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions of the skeletal system:

Mechanical support = forms rigid endoskeleton Protection = Internal organs Haemopoiesis = production of blood cells Fat storage = Yellow bone matrix Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions of the skeletal system:

<h1>Movement = Facilitates all movement Forms basis for surface anatomy = Guide to underlying structures</h1> = Signup and view all the answers

Match the classification of bones by size and shape:

Long bones = longer than wide, tubular shaft (diaphysis), expand articular ends (epiphyses) Short bones = cube-shaped, ± equal length & width (carpal bones) Flat bones = think plate-like (e.g., skull) Irregular bones = no definable shape (e.g., bones of the spine) Signup and view all the answers

How are sesamoid bones developed?

within tendons subjected to pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

increase lever function of muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest sesamoid bone?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

Where might you find a wormian bone?

Back of the skull Signup and view all the answers

Where might you find a wormian bone?

Back of the skull Signup and view all the answers

What is an articular surface?

Where ever bones form a joint (articulate/articulation) Signup and view all the answers

What are articular surfaces lined with?

articular (hyaline) cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Match the anatomical terms with their meanings:

condyles = ‘knuckle-shaped’ projections epicondyles = small projections adjacent to condyles tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter = roughly rounded projections lines or crests = elongated elevations Signup and view all the answers

Match the anatomical terminology with its meaning:

fossa = depression [can be articular – TMJ] grooves or sulci = elongated depressions process or spine = bony projections foramen = hole - nerves and vessels Signup and view all the answers

Match the two major divisions of the human skeleton:

<h1>bones of central line or axis = head, neck & trunk - axial skeleton bones of limbs & girdles = appendicular skeleton</h1> = Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are there in the adult human body?

206 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton?

Skull, ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions of the vertebral column:

supports = skull and trunk; & movement protects = spinal cord absorbs = stress and movement provides attachment = for limbs, thoracic cage, and muscles Signup and view all the answers

Match the vertebral column sections (excluding coccygeal, 4)

cervical = 7 thoracic = 12 lumbar = 5 sacral = 5 Signup and view all the answers

How many vertebrae are there in the human spine?

33 Signup and view all the answers

S-shaped column with four normal curvatures:

Cervical = Neck, 7 Thoracic = Thorax, 12 Lumbar = Lower spine, 5 Sacral = buttocks, 5 Signup and view all the answers

Match the general features of vertebral column:

primary curvature = continuous C-shaped curve at birth (convex) persists as curvature of thoracic & sacral spine = primary curvature secondary curvatures = in cervical & lumbar regions (concave) vertebral column is S-shaped = beyond 3 years Signup and view all the answers

How many intervertebral discs are there in the human spine?

23 Signup and view all the answers

Where might you find the intervertebral discs?

between vertebrae - vertebral bodies Signup and view all the answers

Why might you find variations in the number of vertebrae in the spine?

Fused elements at lower end of spine Signup and view all the answers

Intervertebral discs comprise two main components, match them:

<h1>central nucleus pulposus = inner gelatinous mass annulus fibrosus = outer rings of fibrocartilage</h1> = Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions of the intervertebral discs:

<h1>Help bind = vertebrae together Support = weight of body Absorb and distribute = shock</h1> Signup and view all the answers

If the nucleus pulposus presses on spinal nerves or spinal cord, what might we call this condition?

herniated disc ('slipped disc') Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the seven cervical vertebrae?

Support the skull Signup and view all the answers

The cervical vertebrae have a _ body and vertebral foramen

small, large Signup and view all the answers

The cervical vertebrae have ____ transverse processes

short, broad Signup and view all the answers

In the cervical vertebrae, there are bifid or forked spinous processes in C_ to C_.

2 to 6 Signup and view all the answers

In the cervical vertebrae, the foramen in each short transverse process is called?

foramen transversarium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the cervical vertebrae have a palpable spinous process?

C7 Signup and view all the answers

In the cervical vertebrae, C1 is known as the _ and C2 is known as the _.

atlas,axis Signup and view all the answers

Which cervical vertebrae lacks a body (ring bone), has a large vertebral foramen, and lacks spinous process?

C1, atlas Signup and view all the answers

In the C1 (atlas), the superior articular facets articulate with which part of the skull?

Occipital condyle Signup and view all the answers

In the C1 (atlas), the superior articular facets articulate with the occipital condyle of the skull. This forms the _______ joint.

Atlanto–occipital Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the atlanto-occipital joint in the C1 (atlas)?

Flexion and extension Signup and view all the answers

In the C1 (atlas), the inferior articular facets articulate with ____.

C2 Signup and view all the answers

In the C2 (axis), which process projects into the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1)?

dens or odontoid process Signup and view all the answers

What is the joint called that is formed by the dens or odontoid process of the C2 (axis) projecting into the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1)?

atlanto-axial joint Signup and view all the answers

The atlanto-axial joint, formed by the dens of the axis (C2) and the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1), allows for which function?

Rotation Signup and view all the answers

The atlanto-axial joint, formed by the dens of the axis (C2) and the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1), allows for rotation. How is the dens or odontoid process held in place?

Transverse ligament Signup and view all the answers

The atlanto-axial joint, formed by the dens of the axis (C2) and the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1), allows for rotation. At what age does the dens or odontoid processes fused with the axis?

3 - 6 yrs Signup and view all the answers

The thoracic vertebra has a _ body than the cervical vertebrae, but _ than the lumbar.

larger, smaller Signup and view all the answers

The 12 thoracic vertebrae forms articulations with which bones?

The ribs Signup and view all the answers

In the thoracic vertebrae (12), the ____________________ on the vertebral body form attachment with the ribs (12).

superior & inferior costal facets Signup and view all the answers

In the thoracic vertebrae (12), transverse processes T -> T_ have costal facets.

T1 -> T10 Signup and view all the answers

In the thoracic vertebrae (12), the spinous processes are pointed and angled _________, creating overlap.

downward Signup and view all the answers

In the lumbar vertebrae (5), the spinous processes are and __.

blunt and horizontal Signup and view all the answers

In the lumbar vertebrae (5), the superior articular processes face ______.

medially Signup and view all the answers

In the lumbar vertebrae (5), the interior articular processes face _____.

laterally Signup and view all the answers

In the lumbar vertebrae (5), the region is resistant to which kind of movement?

twisting Signup and view all the answers

The ____ is a bony plate that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity.

Sacrum Signup and view all the answers

In the sacrum (5), there are five separate sacral vertebrae, fusion begins at age _ and is completed by age .

16, 26 Signup and view all the answers

In the sacrum (5), the anterior surface is _ and _.

smooth and concave Signup and view all the answers

In the sacrum (5), the anterior surface is smooth and concave, with four transverse lines indicating ...?

regions of fusion Signup and view all the answers

In the sacrum (5), the anterior surface is smooth and concave, with four pairs of large anterior______________.

sacral (pelvic) foramina Signup and view all the answers

In the sacrum (5), the anterior surface is smooth and concave, with four pairs of large anterior sacral (pelvic) foramina. What are they for?

passage of nerves and arteries to pelvic organs Signup and view all the answers

In the sacrum (5), the anterior surface is smooth and concave, with a sacral promontory. What is that?

a ridge projecting from S1 Signup and view all the answers

The coccyx comprises how many small vertebrae?

4 Signup and view all the answers

The coccyx contains 4 (sometimes 5) small vertebrae, fused into ____ bone between the ages of 20 - 30.

triangular Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the horns (cornua) on C1 of the coccyx?

Attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum Signup and view all the answers

The coccyx provides attachment for muscles of the _______.

Pelvic floor Signup and view all the answers

The coccyx can be fractured by ?

childbirth or hard fall Signup and view all the answers

If the L5/S1 lamina fail to fuse during development, what is the condition called?

Spina bifida Signup and view all the answers

What is Moderate Spina bifida also called?

Occulta Signup and view all the answers

What is severe Spina bifida called?

meningocele, meningomyelocele Signup and view all the answers

Joints of the body are classified on the basis of ...?

structure & function Signup and view all the answers

At joints, ranges of movement vary depending on what?

structural features Signup and view all the answers

At joints, movements are described with respect to?

anatomical position Signup and view all the answers

At joints, movements are broadly either ...?

angular or circular Signup and view all the answers

What is an angular movement?

Change in angle between two bones of a joint Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of angular movement?

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction Signup and view all the answers

Match all the types of angular movements

Flexion = bending, decreases angle between bones Extension = straighten joint back to anatomical position, increases angle between bones Abduction = movement of bone/body part away from midline of body Adduction = movement back towards midline of body Signup and view all the answers

What is described as circular movements at a joint?

Rotation: 'spinning' around own axis Signup and view all the answers

Identify all the types of circular movements at a joint:

Medial rotation = body part [limb] moves inward Lateral rotation = returns limb to anatomical position Side to side = shaking head Circumduction = body part ‘draws circle’ Signup and view all the answers

There are three classifications of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, space/cavity between bones of a joint (moveable). Match them:

<h1>fibrous joints = synarthroses cartilaginous joints = amphiarthroses space/cavity between bones of joint, movable = diarthroses or synovial joints</h1> Signup and view all the answers

There are three classifications of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, space/cavity between bones of a joint (moveable). Match them:

fibrous joints = synarthroses cartilaginous joints = amphiarthroses fibrous joints = lack space (joint cavity) between bones of joint - immovable cartilaginous joints = also lack joint cavity, - slightly moveable Signup and view all the answers

Sutures in the skull constitute which kind of joint?

Fibrous Signup and view all the answers

synarthroses is the formal term for?

Fibrous joint Signup and view all the answers

At a fibrous joint (synarthroses), the bones are joined by __________.

osseous union Signup and view all the answers

What kind of movement is possible at a fibrous joint (synarthroses)?

Little to no movement Signup and view all the answers

A syndesmosis is a subtype of which joint?

Fibrous joints Signup and view all the answers

A __________ is a fibrous joint in which two adjacent bones are linked by a strong membrane or ligaments

Syndesmosis Signup and view all the answers

The gomphosis is a subtype of which kind of joint?

Fibrous joints Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint anchors the root of a tooth into its bony socket within the maxillary bone (upper jaw) or mandible bone (lower jaw) of the skull?

Gomphosis Signup and view all the answers

Craniosynostosis, or simply __________________, is the early growing together (or fusion) of two or more bones of the skull.

synostosis Signup and view all the answers

A ______________ ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage, or where bone is united to hyaline cartilage.

synchondrosis Signup and view all the answers

In a cartilaginous joint, bones are connected by a layer of ________.

cartilage Signup and view all the answers

The epiphyseal plates of the femur and tibia are examples of which kinds of joint?

cartilaginous joint Signup and view all the answers

What kind of movement is available at the cartilaginous joint?

None Signup and view all the answers

_______________ are secondary cartilaginous joints composed of fibrocartilage (and hence also known as fibrocartilaginous joints).

Symphyses Signup and view all the answers

In a secondary cartilaginous joint, the bones are united by what type of tissue?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

IV joints (shock absorption), pubic symphysis, manubriosternal joint are all examples of which kind of joint?

secondary cartilaginous joints, fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

How much movement is enabled by the secondary cartilaginous joint, which has fibrocartilage?

Some movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the formal term for a synovial joint?

Diarthroses Signup and view all the answers

What are the two kinds of synovial joints?

simple & composite Signup and view all the answers

What kind of movement is enabled at a synovial joint?

Wide range Signup and view all the answers

Match the two kinds of synovial joints:

<h1>Simple = joints between two bones Composite = joints between more than two bones</h1> = Signup and view all the answers

Synovial joints have features in common, match them:

<h1>Articular surface = lined by hyaline cartilage Articular capsule = connective tissue, loose/taut Synovial membrane = lines capsule and non-articular surfaces</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Synovial joints have features in common, match them:

<h1>Ligaments = thickenings of fibrous capsule or internal fat pad Discs = Divide joint cavity into different functional compartments Synovial folds = Bursae</h1> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bursae?

purses or pouches in synovial membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a bursae?

Aid movements across joints and reduce friction Signup and view all the answers

Match the facts about bursae (synovial joints)

Function = Aid movements across joints & reduce friction Variability = Shape and Size Occur = Where muscle/tendons cross bony prominences Communication = Closed or communicate with joint cavities Signup and view all the answers

What is bursitis?

Inflammation in bursae Signup and view all the answers

There are six types of synovial joints, name and match them:

Ball-and-socket = humeroscapular Pivot joint = radioulnar Saddle joint = trapexiometacarpal Hinge joint = humeroulnar Signup and view all the answers

There are six types of synovial joints, name and match them:

<h1>Plane joint = intercarpal Condylar joint = metacarpophalangeal</h1> = Signup and view all the answers

For the six different types of synovial joints, the ______ determines their range of motion:

surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of joints by their range of motion/degrees of freedom/axes of rotation:

Multiaxial joint = three Biaxial = two monoaxial or uniaxial = one Multiaxial joint = shoulder joint Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of levers:

<h1>First-class lever = fulcrum in the middle between effort & resistance (EFR) Second-class lever = resistance between fulcrum & effort (FRE) Third-class lever = effort between the resistance & the fulcrum (REF)</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of levers:

<h1>First-class lever = Atlanto–occipital joint lies between muscles on back of neck (applying effort) & weight of the face (resistance) Second-class lever = E.g. when bouncing a baby on your knee, hip is fulcrum, baby’s weight is resistance, and effort is applied at the tibia Third-class lever = most joints of the body - effort of a biceps curl is applied to the forearm between the elbow joint (fulcrum) & the weight in the hand (resistance)</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bones act as levers to enhance speed or power of limb movements?

long Signup and view all the answers

What is a lever?

Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called fulcrum Signup and view all the answers

In a lever system, rotation occurs when_ applied overcomes ____ at some other point.

Effort, resistance (load) Signup and view all the answers

What is range of motion (ROM)?

The degrees through which a joint can move Signup and view all the answers

ROM is determined by:

<h1>Structure = of articular surfaces Strength & tautness = of ligaments & joint capsules Actions of = muscles & tendons</h1> Signup and view all the answers

ROM is determined by:

<h1>structure of the articular surfaces = e.g., elbow - olecranon of ulna fits into olecranon fossa of humerus strength & tautness of ligaments & joint capsules = e.g., stretching of ligaments increases range of motion action of the muscles & tendons = e.g., nervous system monitors joint position & muscle tone</h1> Signup and view all the answers

What is muscle tone?

State of tension maintained in resting muscles Signup and view all the answers

The upper limb is divided into how many regions?

4 Signup and view all the answers

Match the four regions of the upper limb:

pectoral girdle = shoulder - scapula & clavicle brachium [arm proper] = [arm proper] between shoulder & elbow joints antebrachium = forearm - extends from elbow joint to wrist joint [carpus] = hand Signup and view all the answers

The upper limb is connected to the trunk by the ____________ - scapula & clavicle.

pectoral girdle Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is the scapula (pectoral girdle)?

flat bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position of the scapula (pectoral girdle)?

on postero-lateral aspect of thorax, overlying ribs 2-7 Signup and view all the answers

Lateral angle of scapula has three main features:

<h1>acromion process = extension of the spine coracoid process = projection on ventral surface glenoid cavity = shallow socket</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Lateral angle of scapula has three main features:

<h1>acromion process: extension of the spine = forms apex of the shoulder; articulates with clavicle - point of attachment of scapula & upper limb to rest of skeleton coracoid process: projection on ventral surface = attachment site for muscles glenoid cavity: shallow socket = articulates with head of the humerus to form glenohumeral joint</h1> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concave anterior surface of the scapula?

subscapular fossa Signup and view all the answers

What is the superior border of the scapula?

Suprascapular notch Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the suprascapular notch (superior border of the scapula)?

Passage for nerves and vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the spine of the scapula?

transverse ridge on posterior surface Signup and view all the answers

The scapula is surrounded/protected by layers of ____.

muscles Signup and view all the answers

Where in the scapula would fractures be most common?

body of the scapula Signup and view all the answers

Fractures to the scapula are most likely the result of..?

direct trauma Signup and view all the answers

The clavicle is best described as...?

S-shaped long bone Signup and view all the answers

Which bone in the human body is first to appear in the embryo (wk5/6), but last to ossify?

Clavicle Signup and view all the answers

The ________ extends horizontally across the root of the neck towards the shoulder.

clavicle Signup and view all the answers

What are the two curvatures of the clavicle?

medial 2/3 convex anteriorly & lateral 1/3 concave. Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptive facts about the clavicle:

<h1>medial end = more rounded for articulation with manubrium of sternum lateral end = more flattened at acromioclavicular joint lower surface = more roughened due to ligament attachments</h1> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most frequently fractured bone in the body?

Clavicle Signup and view all the answers

Match the facts of the clavicle:

Stabilization = acts as a prop/rigid strut between sternum & arm Movement = enables limb to swing clear of trunk Junction = junction of lateral & intermediate thirds Anchored = weight of arm pulls scapula down & subclavius muscle pulls medial end of scapula upwards Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position of the sternum?

Bony plate anterior to the heart Signup and view all the answers

Identify the three main regions of the sternum:

Manubrium, Body (gladiolus), Xiphoid process Signup and view all the answers

The sternum has articular facets for ribs -> .

1 -> 7 Signup and view all the answers

Module 2

Podcast Beta

Questions and Answers

What type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

What type of joint is characterized by bones connected by a layer of cartilage?

What type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrocartilage?

What feature is common to all synovial joints?

What is the term for a joint that has a wide range of movement?

What type of joint has articular surfaces lined by hyaline cartilage?

What is the term for a joint that has bones connected by a layer of cartilage?

What is the term for a joint that has bones united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

What is the typical age range for the fusion of the coccyx into a single, triangular bone?

What is the term for the failure of the L5/S1 lamina to fuse during development?

What type of joints have a joint cavity and are movable?

What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part away from the midline of the body?

What type of movement involves a change in angle between two bones of a joint?

What is the term for the 'spinning' movement of a bone or body part around its own axis?

What is the term for the simplest form of joint, where bones are joined by osseous union?

What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part back towards the midline of the body?

What can the skeleton provide clues about regarding an individual?

What is the main characteristic of long bones?

What type of bones develop within tendons subjected to pressure?

What is the term for the study of the microscopic anatomy of bones?

What is the term for the visible features of bones that are acquired largely in postnatal life?

What is the purpose of articular surfaces on bones?

What is the term for the study of the structure, function, and development of muscles?

What is the term for the study of the movement mechanics of the body?

What is the function of bursae in synovial joints?

Which type of synovial joint allows for multiaxial movement?

Which type of lever has the fulcrum positioned between the effort and resistance?

What structural feature divides the joint cavity into different functional compartments?

What type of lever is exemplified when bouncing a baby on your knee?

What common issue arises from inflammation in the bursae?

What mechanical principle allows long bones to enhance speed or power of limb movements?

What characteristic distinguishes a hinge joint from other types of synovial joints?

Which anatomical term refers to the 'expanded upper end' of a long bone?

Which type of bone comprises the appendicular skeleton?

What is the function of the vertebral column that supports the skull and allows for movement?

Which projection type found on bones is described as 'knuckle-shaped'?

Which description best fits the axial skeleton?

How many vertebrae make up the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

What anatomical feature is defined as an 'elongated elevation' on bone surfaces?

Which statement describes the primary functions of the vertebral column?

What is the term for the type of joint where bones are united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

What type of joint has bones connected by a layer of cartilage, with no movement?

What is the term for the type of joint that has bones united by fibrocartilage?

What is a characteristic feature of all synovial joints?

What is the term for a joint that has a wide range of movement?

What is the term for a joint that has articular surfaces lined by hyaline cartilage?

What type of joint has a joint cavity?

What is the term for a joint that has bones connected by a layer of cartilage with some movement?

What is the primary function of bursae in synovial joints?

What type of joint allows for multiaxial movement?

What type of lever is exemplified when bouncing a baby on your knee?

What is the term for the inflammation of bursae?

What divides the joint cavity into different functional compartments?

What mechanical principle allows long bones to enhance speed or power of limb movements?

Which type of synovial joint is characterized by a cylindrical or spherical shape?

What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part around its own axis?

What is the typical age range for the fusion of the coccyx into a single, triangular bone?

What type of joint has a joint cavity and is movable?

What type of movement involves a change in angle between two bones of a joint?

What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part towards the midline of the body?

What is the term for the 'spinning' movement of a bone or body part around its own axis?

What type of joint has bones united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

What is the term for the failure of the L5/S1 lamina to fuse during development?

What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part away from the midline of the body?

What is the term for the 'body' of a long bone?

What can the skeleton provide clues about regarding an individual?

Which type of projection is roughly rounded in shape?

What is the term for a depression in a bone that may be articular?

What is the main characteristic of long bones?

How many bones are there in the human body?

What type of bones develop within tendons subjected to pressure?

What is the term for the bones of the central line or axis of the body?

What is the term for the visible features of bones that are acquired largely in postnatal life?

What is the purpose of articular surfaces on bones?

How many vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

What is the term for the 'knuckle-shaped' projections on bones?

How do bones classified according to microscopic anatomy differ?