Module 2
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Questions and Answers

What type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

  • Synovial joint
  • Syndesmosis (correct)
  • Synchondrosis
  • Symphysis

    • What type of joint is characterized by bones connected by a layer of cartilage?

  • Synovial joint
  • Cartilaginous joint
  • Syndesmosis
  • Synchondrosis (correct)

    • What type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrocartilage?

  • Diarthrosis
  • Synchondrosis
  • Symphysis (correct)
  • Syndesmosis

    • What feature is common to all synovial joints?

    <p>Presence of a joint cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a joint that has a wide range of movement?

    <p>Diarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint has articular surfaces lined by hyaline cartilage?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a joint that has bones connected by a layer of cartilage?

    <p>Cartilaginous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a joint that has bones united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

    <p>Syndesmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for the fusion of the coccyx into a single, triangular bone?

    <p>20-30 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the failure of the L5/S1 lamina to fuse during development?

    <p>Spina bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints have a joint cavity and are movable?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part away from the midline of the body?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement involves a change in angle between two bones of a joint?

    <p>Angular movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 'spinning' movement of a bone or body part around its own axis?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the simplest form of joint, where bones are joined by osseous union?

    <p>Synostosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part back towards the midline of the body?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the skeleton provide clues about regarding an individual?

    <p>Their disease processes, sex, age, and cultural practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of long bones?

    <p>They are longer than they are wide with a tubular shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bones develop within tendons subjected to pressure?

    <p>Sesamoid bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the microscopic anatomy of bones?

    <p>Microscopic anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the visible features of bones that are acquired largely in postnatal life?

    <p>Secondary features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of articular surfaces on bones?

    <p>To form joints and allow for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the structure, function, and development of muscles?

    <p>Myology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the movement mechanics of the body?

    <p>Kinesiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bursae in synovial joints?

    <p>They aid movements across joints and reduce friction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint allows for multiaxial movement?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lever has the fulcrum positioned between the effort and resistance?

    <p>First-class lever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature divides the joint cavity into different functional compartments?

    <p>Discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lever is exemplified when bouncing a baby on your knee?

    <p>Second-class lever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common issue arises from inflammation in the bursae?

    <p>Bursitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanical principle allows long bones to enhance speed or power of limb movements?

    <p>Lever systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes a hinge joint from other types of synovial joints?

    <p>It permits movement in only one plane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical term refers to the 'expanded upper end' of a long bone?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone comprises the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Femur and humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vertebral column that supports the skull and allows for movement?

    <p>Supports the skull and trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection type found on bones is described as 'knuckle-shaped'?

    <p>Condyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits the axial skeleton?

    <p>Comprises the skull, vertebral column, and ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vertebrae make up the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is defined as an 'elongated elevation' on bone surfaces?

    <p>Line or crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the primary functions of the vertebral column?

    <p>Supports skull and trunk, allows movement, and protects the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of joint where bones are united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

    <p>Syndesmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint has bones connected by a layer of cartilage, with no movement?

    <p>Synchondrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of joint that has bones united by fibrocartilage?

    <p>Symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of all synovial joints?

    <p>Wide range of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a joint that has a wide range of movement?

    <p>Diarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a joint that has articular surfaces lined by hyaline cartilage?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint has a joint cavity?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a joint that has bones connected by a layer of cartilage with some movement?

    <p>Symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bursae in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction and aid movements across joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for multiaxial movement?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lever is exemplified when bouncing a baby on your knee?

    <p>Second-class lever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of bursae?

    <p>Bursitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What divides the joint cavity into different functional compartments?

    <p>Discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanical principle allows long bones to enhance speed or power of limb movements?

    <p>Lever system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint is characterized by a cylindrical or spherical shape?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part around its own axis?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for the fusion of the coccyx into a single, triangular bone?

    <p>20-30 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint has a joint cavity and is movable?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement involves a change in angle between two bones of a joint?

    <p>Angular movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part towards the midline of the body?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 'spinning' movement of a bone or body part around its own axis?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint has bones united by fibrous or dense collagenous tissue?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the failure of the L5/S1 lamina to fuse during development?

    <p>Spina bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a bone or body part away from the midline of the body?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 'body' of a long bone?

    <p>Shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the skeleton provide clues about regarding an individual?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of projection is roughly rounded in shape?

    <p>Tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a depression in a bone that may be articular?

    <p>Fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of long bones?

    <p>They have a tubular shaft and expanded articular ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones are there in the human body?

    <p>206</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bones develop within tendons subjected to pressure?

    <p>Sesamoid bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bones of the central line or axis of the body?

    <p>Axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the visible features of bones that are acquired largely in postnatal life?

    <p>Secondary features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of articular surfaces on bones?

    <p>To form joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

    <p>33</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 'knuckle-shaped' projections on bones?

    <p>Condyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bones classified according to microscopic anatomy differ?

    <p>In terms of compact and spongy bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vertebral column that allows for movement?

    <p>Allows for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the structure, function, and development of muscles?

    <p>Myology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the movement mechanics of the body?

    <p>Kinesiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature on bones is described as a 'knuckle-shaped' projection?

    <p>Condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a long bone is referred to as the 'expanded upper end'?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the axial skeleton supports the skull and protects the spinal cord?

    <p>Vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vertebrae are typically found in the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeletal bone division includes the bones of limbs and girdles?

    <p>Appendicular skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone feature is described as an 'elongated depression' that can house blood vessels or nerves?

    <p>Groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many groups of vertebrae make up the human vertebral column?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes small projections that are adjacent to condyles on bones?

    <p>Epicondyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibrous joint is characterized by the roots of teeth and walls of the jaw?

    <p>Gomphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cartilaginous joint is found in the epiphyses and costochondral joints with no movement?

    <p>Synchondrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is defined by a joint cavity and a wide range of movement?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature typically lines the articular surfaces of synovial joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrocartilage with some movement possible?

    <p>Symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where would you most likely find an interosseous ligament?

    <p>Syndesmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints is responsible for shock absorption in the vertebral column?

    <p>Intervertebral (IV) joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a composite joint from a simple joint?

    <p>Involves more than two bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the horns (cornua) on Co1 of the coccyx?

    <p>Attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement decreases the angle between two bones in a joint?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a joint characterized by a lack of space (joint cavity) between bones and immobility?

    <p>Synarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature involves bending a joint to decrease the angle between bones?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is typical of cartilaginous joints?

    <p>Slightly moveable without a joint cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves drawing a body part in a circular motion?

    <p>Circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range does the coccyx typically fuse into a single, triangular bone?

    <p>20-30 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement returns a limb to the anatomical position?

    <p>Lateral rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ligaments primarily serve in typical synovial joints?

    <p>Providing structural support and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bones are characterized by being longer than they are wide, with a tubular shaft and expanded articular ends?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint is characterized by multiaxial movement, allowing movement in three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bursae within the synovial membrane?

    <p>To aid in movement and reduce friction at joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes bones that develop within tendons subjected to pressure and help increase the lever function of muscles?

    <p>Sesamoid bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lever type has the resistance positioned between the fulcrum and the effort?

    <p>Second-class lever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature of bones is typically acquired in postnatal life and usually has functional significance?

    <p>Secondary features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone classification includes bones that have no definable shape?

    <p>Irregular bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature divides the joint cavity into different functional compartments?

    <p>Discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information can the skeleton provide about an individual?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lever has the fulcrum positioned between the effort and resistance?

    <p>First-class lever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bursitis refers to inflammation in which part of the synovial joint?

    <p>Bursae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of flat bones?

    <p>Thin and plate-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature enhances the speed or power of limb movements by acting as a lever?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of bones is defined by a microscopic anatomy that includes both compact and spongy bone?

    <p>All bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone structure primarily aids in the movement mechanics of the body by increasing force or speed?

    <p>Sesamoid bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can we classify bones?

    <h1>Microscopic anatomy = compact &amp; spongy bone Porosity = a measure of the void spaces in a material Gross anatomy = size and shape</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functions of the skeletal system:

    <p>Mechanical support = forms rigid endoskeleton Protection = Internal organs Haemopoiesis = production of blood cells Fat storage = Yellow bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functions of the skeletal system:

    <h1>Movement = Facilitates all movement Forms basis for surface anatomy = Guide to underlying structures</h1> <p>=</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the classification of bones by size and shape:

    <p>Long bones = longer than wide, tubular shaft (diaphysis), expand articular ends (epiphyses) Short bones = cube-shaped, ± equal length &amp; width (carpal bones) Flat bones = think plate-like (e.g., skull) Irregular bones = no definable shape (e.g., bones of the spine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are sesamoid bones developed?

    <p>within tendons subjected to pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sesamoid bones?

    <p>increase lever function of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest sesamoid bone?

    <p>Patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where might you find a wormian bone?

    <p>Back of the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where might you find a wormian bone?

    <p>Back of the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an articular surface?

    <p>Where ever bones form a joint (articulate/articulation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are articular surfaces lined with?

    <p>articular (hyaline) cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the anatomical terms with their meanings:

    <p>condyles = ‘knuckle-shaped’ projections epicondyles = small projections adjacent to condyles tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter = roughly rounded projections lines or crests = elongated elevations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the anatomical terminology with its meaning:

    <p>fossa = depression [can be articular – TMJ] grooves or sulci = elongated depressions process or spine = bony projections foramen = hole - nerves and vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the two major divisions of the human skeleton:

    <h1>bones of central line or axis = head, neck &amp; trunk - axial skeleton bones of limbs &amp; girdles = appendicular skeleton</h1> <p>=</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones are there in the adult human body?

    <p>206</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Skull, ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functions of the vertebral column:

    <p>supports = skull and trunk; &amp; movement protects = spinal cord absorbs = stress and movement provides attachment = for limbs, thoracic cage, and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vertebral column sections (excluding coccygeal, 4)

    <p>cervical = 7 thoracic = 12 lumbar = 5 sacral = 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vertebrae are there in the human spine?

    <p>33</p> Signup and view all the answers

    S-shaped column with four normal curvatures:

    <p>Cervical = Neck, 7 Thoracic = Thorax, 12 Lumbar = Lower spine, 5 Sacral = buttocks, 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the general features of vertebral column:

    <p>primary curvature = continuous C-shaped curve at birth (convex) persists as curvature of thoracic &amp; sacral spine = primary curvature secondary curvatures = in cervical &amp; lumbar regions (concave) vertebral column is S-shaped = beyond 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many intervertebral discs are there in the human spine?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where might you find the intervertebral discs?

    <p>between vertebrae - vertebral bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might you find variations in the number of vertebrae in the spine?

    <p>Fused elements at lower end of spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intervertebral discs comprise two main components, match them:

    <h1>central nucleus pulposus = inner gelatinous mass annulus fibrosus = outer rings of fibrocartilage</h1> <p>=</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functions of the intervertebral discs:

    <h1>Help bind = vertebrae together Support = weight of body Absorb and distribute = shock</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    If the nucleus pulposus presses on spinal nerves or spinal cord, what might we call this condition?

    <p>herniated disc ('slipped disc')</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the seven cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Support the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cervical vertebrae have a _______ body and ______ vertebral foramen

    <p>small, large</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cervical vertebrae have ____ transverse processes

    <p>short, broad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cervical vertebrae, there are bifid or forked spinous processes in C_ to C_.

    <p>2 to 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cervical vertebrae, the foramen in each short transverse process is called?

    <p>foramen transversarium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the cervical vertebrae have a palpable spinous process?

    <p>C7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cervical vertebrae, C1 is known as the ___ and C2 is known as the ___.

    <p>atlas,axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebrae lacks a body (ring bone), has a large vertebral foramen, and lacks spinous process?

    <p>C1, atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the C1 (atlas), the superior articular facets articulate with which part of the skull?

    <p>Occipital condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the C1 (atlas), the superior articular facets articulate with the occipital condyle of the skull. This forms the _______ joint.

    <p>Atlanto–occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the atlanto-occipital joint in the C1 (atlas)?

    <p>Flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the C1 (atlas), the inferior articular facets articulate with ____.

    <p>C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the C2 (axis), which process projects into the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1)?

    <p>dens or odontoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the joint called that is formed by the dens or odontoid process of the C2 (axis) projecting into the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1)?

    <p>atlanto-axial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atlanto-axial joint, formed by the dens of the axis (C2) and the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1), allows for which function?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atlanto-axial joint, formed by the dens of the axis (C2) and the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1), allows for rotation. How is the dens or odontoid process held in place?

    <p>Transverse ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atlanto-axial joint, formed by the dens of the axis (C2) and the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1), allows for rotation. At what age does the dens or odontoid processes fused with the axis?

    <p>3 - 6 yrs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thoracic vertebra has a _____ body than the cervical vertebrae, but _____ than the lumbar.

    <p>larger, smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 12 thoracic vertebrae forms articulations with which bones?

    <p>The ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the thoracic vertebrae (12), the ____________________ on the vertebral body form attachment with the ribs (12).

    <p>superior &amp; inferior costal facets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the thoracic vertebrae (12), transverse processes T__ -> T___ have costal facets.

    <p>T1 -&gt; T10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the thoracic vertebrae (12), the spinous processes are pointed and angled _________, creating overlap.

    <p>downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lumbar vertebrae (5), the spinous processes are ______ and ________.

    <p>blunt and horizontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lumbar vertebrae (5), the superior articular processes face ______.

    <p>medially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lumbar vertebrae (5), the interior articular processes face _____.

    <p>laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lumbar vertebrae (5), the region is resistant to which kind of movement?

    <p>twisting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ is a bony plate that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity.

    <p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sacrum (5), there are five separate sacral vertebrae, fusion begins at age ___ and is completed by age __.

    <p>16, 26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sacrum (5), the anterior surface is ___ and ___.

    <p>smooth and concave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sacrum (5), the anterior surface is smooth and concave, with four transverse lines indicating ...?

    <p>regions of fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sacrum (5), the anterior surface is smooth and concave, with four pairs of large anterior______________.

    <p>sacral (pelvic) foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sacrum (5), the anterior surface is smooth and concave, with four pairs of large anterior sacral (pelvic) foramina. What are they for?

    <p>passage of nerves and arteries to pelvic organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sacrum (5), the anterior surface is smooth and concave, with a sacral promontory. What is that?

    <p>a ridge projecting from S1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coccyx comprises how many small vertebrae?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coccyx contains 4 (sometimes 5) small vertebrae, fused into ____ bone between the ages of 20 - 30.

    <p>triangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the horns (cornua) on C1 of the coccyx?

    <p>Attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coccyx provides attachment for muscles of the _______.

    <p>Pelvic floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coccyx can be fractured by ?

    <p>childbirth or hard fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the L5/S1 lamina fail to fuse during development, what is the condition called?

    <p>Spina bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Moderate Spina bifida also called?

    <p>Occulta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is severe Spina bifida called?

    <p>meningocele, meningomyelocele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joints of the body are classified on the basis of ...?

    <p>structure &amp; function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At joints, ranges of movement vary depending on what?

    <p>structural features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At joints, movements are described with respect to?

    <p>anatomical position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At joints, movements are broadly either ...?

    <p>angular or circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an angular movement?

    <p>Change in angle between two bones of a joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of angular movement?

    <p>Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match all the types of angular movements

    <p>Flexion = bending, decreases angle between bones Extension = straighten joint back to anatomical position, increases angle between bones Abduction = movement of bone/body part away from midline of body Adduction = movement back towards midline of body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as circular movements at a joint?

    <p>Rotation: 'spinning' around own axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify all the types of circular movements at a joint:

    <p>Medial rotation = body part [limb] moves inward Lateral rotation = returns limb to anatomical position Side to side = shaking head Circumduction = body part ‘draws circle’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are three classifications of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, space/cavity between bones of a joint (moveable). Match them:

    <h1>fibrous joints = synarthroses cartilaginous joints = amphiarthroses space/cavity between bones of joint, movable = diarthroses or synovial joints</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    There are three classifications of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, space/cavity between bones of a joint (moveable). Match them:

    <p>fibrous joints = synarthroses cartilaginous joints = amphiarthroses fibrous joints = lack space (joint cavity) between bones of joint - immovable cartilaginous joints = also lack joint cavity, - slightly moveable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sutures in the skull constitute which kind of joint?

    <p>Fibrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    synarthroses is the formal term for?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At a fibrous joint (synarthroses), the bones are joined by __________.

    <p>osseous union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of movement is possible at a fibrous joint (synarthroses)?

    <p>Little to no movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A syndesmosis is a subtype of which joint?

    <p>Fibrous joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is a fibrous joint in which two adjacent bones are linked by a strong membrane or ligaments

    <p>Syndesmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gomphosis is a subtype of which kind of joint?

    <p>Fibrous joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint anchors the root of a tooth into its bony socket within the maxillary bone (upper jaw) or mandible bone (lower jaw) of the skull?

    <p>Gomphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Craniosynostosis, or simply __________________, is the early growing together (or fusion) of two or more bones of the skull.

    <p>synostosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______________ ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage, or where bone is united to hyaline cartilage.

    <p>synchondrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cartilaginous joint, bones are connected by a layer of ________.

    <p>cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiphyseal plates of the femur and tibia are examples of which kinds of joint?

    <p>cartilaginous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of movement is available at the cartilaginous joint?

    <p>None</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______________ are secondary cartilaginous joints composed of fibrocartilage (and hence also known as fibrocartilaginous joints).

    <p>Symphyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a secondary cartilaginous joint, the bones are united by what type of tissue?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IV joints (shock absorption), pubic symphysis, manubriosternal joint are all examples of which kind of joint?

    <p>secondary cartilaginous joints, fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much movement is enabled by the secondary cartilaginous joint, which has fibrocartilage?

    <p>Some movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formal term for a synovial joint?

    <p>Diarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two kinds of synovial joints?

    <p>simple &amp; composite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of movement is enabled at a synovial joint?

    <p>Wide range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the two kinds of synovial joints:

    <h1>Simple = joints between two bones Composite = joints between more than two bones</h1> <p>=</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synovial joints have features in common, match them:

    <h1>Articular surface = lined by hyaline cartilage Articular capsule = connective tissue, loose/taut Synovial membrane = lines capsule and non-articular surfaces</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Synovial joints have features in common, match them:

    <h1>Ligaments = thickenings of fibrous capsule or internal fat pad Discs = Divide joint cavity into different functional compartments Synovial folds = Bursae</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a bursae?

    <p>purses or pouches in synovial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a bursae?

    <p>Aid movements across joints and reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the facts about bursae (synovial joints)

    <p>Function = Aid movements across joints &amp; reduce friction Variability = Shape and Size Occur = Where muscle/tendons cross bony prominences Communication = Closed or communicate with joint cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bursitis?

    <p>Inflammation in bursae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are six types of synovial joints, name and match them:

    <p>Ball-and-socket = humeroscapular Pivot joint = radioulnar Saddle joint = trapexiometacarpal Hinge joint = humeroulnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are six types of synovial joints, name and match them:

    <h1>Plane joint = intercarpal Condylar joint = metacarpophalangeal</h1> <p>=</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the six different types of synovial joints, the ______ determines their range of motion:

    <p>surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of joints by their range of motion/degrees of freedom/axes of rotation:

    <p>Multiaxial joint = three Biaxial = two monoaxial or uniaxial = one Multiaxial joint = shoulder joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of levers:

    <h1>First-class lever = fulcrum in the middle between effort &amp; resistance (EFR) Second-class lever = resistance between fulcrum &amp; effort (FRE) Third-class lever = effort between the resistance &amp; the fulcrum (REF)</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of levers:

    <h1>First-class lever = Atlanto–occipital joint lies between muscles on back of neck (applying effort) &amp; weight of the face (resistance) Second-class lever = E.g. when bouncing a baby on your knee, hip is fulcrum, baby’s weight is resistance, and effort is applied at the tibia Third-class lever = most joints of the body - effort of a biceps curl is applied to the forearm between the elbow joint (fulcrum) &amp; the weight in the hand (resistance)</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bones act as levers to enhance speed or power of limb movements?

    <p>long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lever?

    <p>Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called fulcrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a lever system, rotation occurs when_____ applied overcomes ________ at some other point.

    <p>Effort, resistance (load)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is range of motion (ROM)?

    <p>The degrees through which a joint can move</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ROM is determined by:

    <h1>Structure = of articular surfaces Strength &amp; tautness = of ligaments &amp; joint capsules Actions of = muscles &amp; tendons</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    ROM is determined by:

    <h1>structure of the articular surfaces = e.g., elbow - olecranon of ulna fits into olecranon fossa of humerus strength &amp; tautness of ligaments &amp; joint capsules = e.g., stretching of ligaments increases range of motion action of the muscles &amp; tendons = e.g., nervous system monitors joint position &amp; muscle tone</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    What is muscle tone?

    <p>State of tension maintained in resting muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The upper limb is divided into how many regions?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the four regions of the upper limb:

    <p>pectoral girdle = shoulder - scapula &amp; clavicle brachium [arm proper] = [arm proper] between shoulder &amp; elbow joints antebrachium = forearm - extends from elbow joint to wrist joint [carpus] = hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The upper limb is connected to the trunk by the ____________ - scapula & clavicle.

    <p>pectoral girdle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is the scapula (pectoral girdle)?

    <p>flat bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical position of the scapula (pectoral girdle)?

    <p>on postero-lateral aspect of thorax, overlying ribs 2-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lateral angle of scapula has three main features:

    <h1>acromion process = extension of the spine coracoid process = projection on ventral surface glenoid cavity = shallow socket</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Lateral angle of scapula has three main features:

    <h1>acromion process: extension of the spine = forms apex of the shoulder; articulates with clavicle - point of attachment of scapula &amp; upper limb to rest of skeleton coracoid process: projection on ventral surface = attachment site for muscles glenoid cavity: shallow socket = articulates with head of the humerus to form glenohumeral joint</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concave anterior surface of the scapula?

    <p>subscapular fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the superior border of the scapula?

    <p>Suprascapular notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the suprascapular notch (superior border of the scapula)?

    <p>Passage for nerves and vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spine of the scapula?

    <p>transverse ridge on posterior surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scapula is surrounded/protected by layers of ____.

    <p>muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the scapula would fractures be most common?

    <p>body of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fractures to the scapula are most likely the result of..?

    <p>direct trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clavicle is best described as...?

    <p>S-shaped long bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone in the human body is first to appear in the embryo (wk5/6), but last to ossify?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ extends horizontally across the root of the neck towards the shoulder.

    <p>clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two curvatures of the clavicle?

    <p>medial 2/3 convex anteriorly &amp; lateral 1/3 concave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the descriptive facts about the clavicle:

    <h1>medial end = more rounded for articulation with manubrium of sternum lateral end = more flattened at acromioclavicular joint lower surface = more roughened due to ligament attachments</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequently fractured bone in the body?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the facts of the clavicle:

    <p>Stabilization = acts as a prop/rigid strut between sternum &amp; arm Movement = enables limb to swing clear of trunk Junction = junction of lateral &amp; intermediate thirds Anchored = weight of arm pulls scapula down &amp; subclavius muscle pulls medial end of scapula upwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical position of the sternum?

    <p>Bony plate anterior to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the three main regions of the sternum:

    <p>Manubrium, Body (gladiolus), Xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sternum has articular facets for ribs __ -> __.

    <p>1 -&gt; 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

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