Joints
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Questions and Answers

What is the main criterion for the functional classification of joints?

  • The amount of movement (correct)
  • The type of tissue binding the bones
  • The presence or absence of a joint cavity
  • The location of the joint in the body
  • What type of joint is characterized by a joint cavity and freely movable bones?

  • Amphiarthroses
  • Synostoses
  • Diarthroses (correct)
  • Synarthroses
  • What is the name of the fibrous joint that connects the teeth to the jawbone?

  • Suture
  • Syndesmoses
  • Gomphoses (correct)
  • Synchondroses
  • What is the term for the bony union of two bones?

    <p>Synostosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by bones connected by cartilage only?

    <p>Synchondroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fibrous joint that connects bones of the skull?

    <p>Suture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are connected by cartilage?

    <p>Cartilaginous joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hyaline cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are classified as freely movable?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the articular cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To protect ends of bones from being crushed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are characterized by a 'peg-in-socket' structure?

    <p>Gomphoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the articular capsule in synovial joints?

    <p>To enclose the joint cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum percentage of stretch a ligament can withstand before tearing?

    <p>6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of muscle tone in the body?

    <p>To keep tension on the ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint movement involves a change in the angle between two bones?

    <p>Angular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint movement that involves the rotation of the forearm?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint is classified by its ball-and-socket shape?

    <p>Ball-and-socket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ligament that provides stability to the shoulder joint?

    <p>Coracohumeral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the elbow joint?

    <p>Hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attaches to the capsule of the elbow joint?

    <p>Annular ligament of radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ligaments in the wrist joint?

    <p>To stabilize the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the hip joint?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ligament of head of femur?

    <p>To supply an artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the menisci in the knee joint?

    <p>To stabilize the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?

    <p>To lock the knee and prevent excessive movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medial and lateral collateral ligaments are also known as the?

    <p>Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ankle joint, what is the range of movement possible?

    <p>Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament connects the distal tibia and fibula to the talus?

    <p>Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the sternoclavicular joint?

    <p>It is the only bony attachment of the axial skeleton to the pectoral girdle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the disc in the temporomandibular joint?

    <p>To protect the thin mandibular fossa of the temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The annular ligament of radius attaches to the radial collateral ligament.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The radiocarpal joint is a saddle joint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acetabular labrum diameter is larger than the head of femur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dislocations of the hip joint are common.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ligament of head of femur supplies a nerve.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patellar ligament is a continuation of the hamstring tendon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The knee joint has a capsule that surrounds the entire joint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The menisci in the knee joint are made of bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hip joint is primarily a hinge joint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elbow joint allows only flexion and extension movements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Joints and Their Classification

    • Joints are classified into three types: synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable)
    • Joints can also be classified structurally based on the material binding them and the presence or absence of a joint cavity

    Fibrous Joints

    • Bones are connected by fibrous tissue: dense regular connective tissue
    • No joint cavity
    • Slightly immovable or not at all
    • Types: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

    Cartilaginous Joints

    • Articulating bones are united by cartilage
    • Lack a joint cavity
    • Not highly movable
    • Two types: synchondroses (immoveable) and sympheses (slightly movable)

    Synovial Joints

    • Include most of the body's joints
    • All are diarthroses (freely movable)
    • All contain a fluid-filled joint cavity
    • General structure: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, and synovial fluid

    General Structure of Synovial Joints

    • Articular cartilage: hyaline, spongy cushions absorb compression, and protect ends of bones from being crushed
    • Joint cavity: potential space, small amount of synovial fluid
    • Articular capsule: two layered, outer fibrous capsule, and inner synovial membrane
    • Synovial fluid: filtrate of blood, contains special glycoproteins, nourishes cartilage, and functions as a lubricant
    • Reinforcing ligaments: capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular
    • Nerves: detect pain, monitor stretch, and sense posture and body movements
    • Blood vessels: rich blood supply, extensive capillary beds in synovial membrane

    Joint Stability

    • Articular surfaces: shape usually plays a minor role, some deep sockets or grooves provide stability
    • Ligaments: usually the more, the stronger the joint, can stretch only 6% beyond normal length before tearing
    • Muscle tone: constant, low level of contractile force, keeps tension on ligaments, especially important at shoulders, knees, and arches of the foot

    Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints

    • Gliding
    • Angular movements: increase or decrease the angle between two bones
    • Flexion
    • Extension
    • Abduction
    • Adduction
    • Circumduction
    • Rotation
    • Special movements: pronation, supination, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, and opposition

    Synovial Joints Classified by Shape

    • Plane: acromioclavicular, wrist (radio carpal), and ankle (tarsal joints)
    • Hinge: interphalangeal joints of the hand and foot, humerus and ulna, elbow, knee, and ankle joint
    • Pivot: proximal and distal radioulnar joint, and atlanto-axial joint
    • Condyloid: metacarpophalangeal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints
    • Saddle: carpals and metacarpals of the thumb, and the trapezium
    • Ball-and-socket: shoulder joint, and hip joint

    Shoulder Joint

    • Stability sacrificed for mobility
    • Ball and socket: head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula
    • Glenoid labrum: rim of fibrocartilage
    • Thin, loose capsule
    • Strongest ligament: coracohumeral
    • Muscle tendons help stability
    • Has disorders
    • Biceps tendon is intra-articular
    • Rotator cuff muscles add to stability

    Elbow Joint

    • Hinge: allows only flexion and extension
    • Annular ligament of radius attaches to capsule
    • Capsule thickens into radial collateral ligament and ulnar collateral ligament
    • Muscles cross joint
    • Trauma

    Wrist Joint

    • Two major joint surfaces
    • Several ligaments stabilize
    • Radiocarpal joint: between radius and proximal carpals (scaphoid and lunate)
    • Condyloid joint
    • Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
    • Intercarpal or midcarpal joint: between the proximal and distal rows of carpals, saddle joint

    Hip Joint

    • Ball and socket
    • Moves in all axes, but limited by ligaments and deep socket
    • Three ext. ligaments "screw in" head of femur when standing
    • Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral
    • Acetabular labrum: diameter smaller than head of femur
    • Dislocations rare
    • Ligament of head of femur supplies artery
    • Muscle tendons cross joint
    • Hip fractures common in elderly due to osteoporosis

    Knee Joint

    • Largest and most complex joint
    • Primarily a hinge
    • Compound and bicondyloid: femur and tibia both have 2 condyles
    • Femoropatellar joint shares joint cavity
    • At least a dozen bursae: prepatellar, suprapatellar
    • Lateral and medial menisci: "torn cartilage"
    • Capsule absent anteriorly
    • Capsular and extracapsular ligaments
    • Taut when knee extended to prevent hyperextension

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the different types of joints in the human body, including their functional and structural classification. Learn about synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses, as well as bony fusion, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

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