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Questions and Answers
What is the main criterion for the functional classification of joints?
What type of joint is characterized by a joint cavity and freely movable bones?
What is the name of the fibrous joint that connects the teeth to the jawbone?
What is the term for the bony union of two bones?
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Which type of joint is characterized by bones connected by cartilage only?
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What is the term for the fibrous joint that connects bones of the skull?
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What type of joints are connected by cartilage?
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What is the function of hyaline cartilage in synovial joints?
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What type of joints are classified as freely movable?
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What is the purpose of the articular cartilage in synovial joints?
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What type of joints are characterized by a 'peg-in-socket' structure?
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What is the purpose of the articular capsule in synovial joints?
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What is the maximum percentage of stretch a ligament can withstand before tearing?
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What is the purpose of muscle tone in the body?
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Which type of joint movement involves a change in the angle between two bones?
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What is the name of the joint movement that involves the rotation of the forearm?
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Which type of synovial joint is classified by its ball-and-socket shape?
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What is the name of the ligament that provides stability to the shoulder joint?
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What type of joint is the elbow joint?
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What attaches to the capsule of the elbow joint?
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What is the function of the ligaments in the wrist joint?
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What type of joint is the hip joint?
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What is the function of the ligament of head of femur?
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What is the purpose of the menisci in the knee joint?
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What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?
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The medial and lateral collateral ligaments are also known as the?
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In the ankle joint, what is the range of movement possible?
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Which ligament connects the distal tibia and fibula to the talus?
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What is the unique feature of the sternoclavicular joint?
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What is the primary function of the disc in the temporomandibular joint?
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The annular ligament of radius attaches to the radial collateral ligament.
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The radiocarpal joint is a saddle joint.
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The acetabular labrum diameter is larger than the head of femur.
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Dislocations of the hip joint are common.
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The ligament of head of femur supplies a nerve.
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The patellar ligament is a continuation of the hamstring tendon.
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The knee joint has a capsule that surrounds the entire joint.
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The menisci in the knee joint are made of bone.
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The hip joint is primarily a hinge joint.
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The elbow joint allows only flexion and extension movements.
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Study Notes
Joints and Their Classification
- Joints are classified into three types: synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable)
- Joints can also be classified structurally based on the material binding them and the presence or absence of a joint cavity
Fibrous Joints
- Bones are connected by fibrous tissue: dense regular connective tissue
- No joint cavity
- Slightly immovable or not at all
- Types: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
Cartilaginous Joints
- Articulating bones are united by cartilage
- Lack a joint cavity
- Not highly movable
- Two types: synchondroses (immoveable) and sympheses (slightly movable)
Synovial Joints
- Include most of the body's joints
- All are diarthroses (freely movable)
- All contain a fluid-filled joint cavity
- General structure: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, and synovial fluid
General Structure of Synovial Joints
- Articular cartilage: hyaline, spongy cushions absorb compression, and protect ends of bones from being crushed
- Joint cavity: potential space, small amount of synovial fluid
- Articular capsule: two layered, outer fibrous capsule, and inner synovial membrane
- Synovial fluid: filtrate of blood, contains special glycoproteins, nourishes cartilage, and functions as a lubricant
- Reinforcing ligaments: capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular
- Nerves: detect pain, monitor stretch, and sense posture and body movements
- Blood vessels: rich blood supply, extensive capillary beds in synovial membrane
Joint Stability
- Articular surfaces: shape usually plays a minor role, some deep sockets or grooves provide stability
- Ligaments: usually the more, the stronger the joint, can stretch only 6% beyond normal length before tearing
- Muscle tone: constant, low level of contractile force, keeps tension on ligaments, especially important at shoulders, knees, and arches of the foot
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
- Gliding
- Angular movements: increase or decrease the angle between two bones
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Circumduction
- Rotation
- Special movements: pronation, supination, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, and opposition
Synovial Joints Classified by Shape
- Plane: acromioclavicular, wrist (radio carpal), and ankle (tarsal joints)
- Hinge: interphalangeal joints of the hand and foot, humerus and ulna, elbow, knee, and ankle joint
- Pivot: proximal and distal radioulnar joint, and atlanto-axial joint
- Condyloid: metacarpophalangeal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints
- Saddle: carpals and metacarpals of the thumb, and the trapezium
- Ball-and-socket: shoulder joint, and hip joint
Shoulder Joint
- Stability sacrificed for mobility
- Ball and socket: head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula
- Glenoid labrum: rim of fibrocartilage
- Thin, loose capsule
- Strongest ligament: coracohumeral
- Muscle tendons help stability
- Has disorders
- Biceps tendon is intra-articular
- Rotator cuff muscles add to stability
Elbow Joint
- Hinge: allows only flexion and extension
- Annular ligament of radius attaches to capsule
- Capsule thickens into radial collateral ligament and ulnar collateral ligament
- Muscles cross joint
- Trauma
Wrist Joint
- Two major joint surfaces
- Several ligaments stabilize
- Radiocarpal joint: between radius and proximal carpals (scaphoid and lunate)
- Condyloid joint
- Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
- Intercarpal or midcarpal joint: between the proximal and distal rows of carpals, saddle joint
Hip Joint
- Ball and socket
- Moves in all axes, but limited by ligaments and deep socket
- Three ext. ligaments "screw in" head of femur when standing
- Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral
- Acetabular labrum: diameter smaller than head of femur
- Dislocations rare
- Ligament of head of femur supplies artery
- Muscle tendons cross joint
- Hip fractures common in elderly due to osteoporosis
Knee Joint
- Largest and most complex joint
- Primarily a hinge
- Compound and bicondyloid: femur and tibia both have 2 condyles
- Femoropatellar joint shares joint cavity
- At least a dozen bursae: prepatellar, suprapatellar
- Lateral and medial menisci: "torn cartilage"
- Capsule absent anteriorly
- Capsular and extracapsular ligaments
- Taut when knee extended to prevent hyperextension
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Description
Test your knowledge of the different types of joints in the human body, including their functional and structural classification. Learn about synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses, as well as bony fusion, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
