Anatomy of Human Body Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary hormone secreted by the Interstitial Cells of Leydig?

  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
  • Testosterone (correct)
  • Luteinizing hormone

Where are the Interstitial Cells of Leydig located?

  • Within the epididymis
  • In the scrotum
  • Inside the vas deferens
  • Between the seminiferous tubules (correct)

What is the main function of the epididymis?

  • Secretion of seminal fluid
  • Transport of sperm to the urethra
  • Storage and maturation of sperm (correct)
  • Production of testosterone

What physical feature helps the scrotum maintain optimal temperature for sperm production?

<p>Dartos muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the vas deferens in males?

<p>45 cm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cold temperature affect the position of the testis?

<p>The testis moves closer to the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?

<p>Regulation of temperature for the testes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the male reproductive system is continuous with the vas deferens?

<p>Epididymis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of undescended testes will spontaneously descend during the first year of life?

<p>80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT produced by the female reproductive system?

<p>Testosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vagina?

<p>Birth canal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the uterus is located above the attachment of the fallopian tube?

<p>Fundus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the labia majora?

<p>Protection of the vaginal opening (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the uterus is responsible for sloughing off during menstruation?

<p>Endometrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is homologous to the male glans penis?

<p>Clitoris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gland do paraurethral glands resemble in males?

<p>Prostate gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament provides support to the uterus and is derived from peritoneum?

<p>Broad ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the space between the labia minora?

<p>Vestibule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the endometrial glands?

<p>Preparation for possible implantation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rugae in the vagina?

<p>Allow for expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is found in the perineum?

<p>Genitalia and anus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily involved in the response of the uterine layer to pregnancy?

<p>Progesterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of luteinizing hormone during the reproductive cycle?

<p>Induce ovulation and corpus luteum production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the fallopian tube is primarily associated with the site of fertilization?

<p>Ampulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum that acts synergistically with estrogen?

<p>Progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the female reproductive cycle is the dominant follicle selected for maturation?

<p>Preovulatory Phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if fertilization does not take place after ovulation?

<p>Degeneration of corpus luteum into corpus albicans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does relaxin serve during the reproductive process?

<p>Relax the uterus during implantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the menstrual phase in the female reproductive cycle?

<p>Shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone inhibits FSH secretion to prevent the growth of other follicles?

<p>Inhibin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the postovulatory phase typically last in a 28-day cycle?

<p>14 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The secretion of which hormone prepares the mammary glands for milk production?

<p>Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the infundibulum in the fallopian tube?

<p>Capture released oocyte during ovulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone triggers the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland?

<p>GnRH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ampulla in the reproductive system?

<p>Facilitate fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the endometrium respond to decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone?

<p>Undergoes ischemia, leading to menstruation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Interstitial Cells of Leydig

Specialized cells located between seminiferous tubules in the testes, responsible for producing the male sex hormone testosterone.

Testis (plural: testes)

The primary male reproductive organ responsible for producing sperm cells and testosterone.

Epididymis

A coiled tube located on the posterior side of the testis, responsible for sperm maturation and storage.

Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)

A long, muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

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Scrotum

The external pouch containing the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens, with the primary function of regulating testicular temperature.

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Penis

The male external genitalia involved in sexual intercourse and urine excretion.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm cell development within the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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Testosterone

The male sex hormone responsible for development of male secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production.

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Testis

The male reproductive organ responsible for sperm production and testosterone synthesis. It is usually located in the scrotum.

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Cryptorchidism

A condition where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum from the abdomen during fetal development. This can increase the risk of infertility and testicular cancer.

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Circumcision

The removal of the foreskin from the penis. It can be done for religious, cultural, or medical reasons.

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Hymen

A thin, flexible membrane that partially covers the opening of the vagina. It can tear during sexual intercourse or childbirth.

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Infundibulum (Fallopian Tube)

The funnel-shaped opening of the fallopian tube, with finger-like projections called fimbriae that help capture the egg released from the ovary.

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Functions of the Female Reproductive System

Major functions of the female reproductive system include producing eggs, nurturing the developing fetus, and producing hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin.

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Ampulla (Fallopian Tube)

The widest and longest part of the fallopian tube, where fertilization typically occurs.

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Bartholin's Glands

Small glands located near the opening of the vagina, responsible for producing lubricating fluids.

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Isthmus (Fallopian Tube)

The narrowest section of the fallopian tube connecting the ampulla to the uterus.

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Intramural/Interstitial (Fallopian Tube)

The part of the fallopian tube embedded in the wall of the uterus.

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Vagina

A strong muscular canal that connects the vulva to the uterus. Its function is to receive the penis during intercourse, act as the birth canal, and allow menstrual flow to exit the body.

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Progesterone

A hormone secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovary, responsible for preparing the endometrium for implantation and promoting breast development.

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Uterus

A pear-shaped organ located in the pelvic cavity where a fertilized egg implants and develops.

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Estrogen

A hormone secreted by the ovary (mainly the follicle) that plays a key role in female reproductive health, secondary sexual characteristics, and the menstrual cycle.

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Fundus of the uterus

The upper rounded portion of the uterus where the fallopian tubes attach.

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Ovulation

The release of a mature egg from the ovary into the fallopian tube.

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Body of the uterus

The middle portion of the uterus connecting the fundus to the cervix.

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Cervix

The lower, cylindrical portion of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

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Ovulatory Phase

The part of the menstrual cycle that encompasses the release of the egg from the ovary.

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Perimetrium

The outermost layer of the uterus derived from the peritoneum. It forms pouches that help support the uterus.

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Proliferative Phase (Uterine Cycle)

The phase of the menstrual cycle during which the lining of the uterus thickens in preparation for potential implantation.

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Menstrual Phase (Uterine Cycle)

The phase of the menstrual cycle where the uterine lining sheds, leading to menstruation.

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Myometrium

The thick muscular middle layer of the uterus. It is responsible for contracting during childbirth and is influenced by hormones like oxytocin.

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Postovulatory Phase (Luteal Phase)

The phase of the menstrual cycle after ovulation, primarily characterized by the dominance and activity of the corpus luteum.

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Endometrium

The innermost layer of the uterus, responsible for sloughing off during menstruation and providing a lining for implantation.

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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation and stimulates the development of the corpus luteum.

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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovary and the production of estrogen.

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Hormonal Regulation of The Female Reproductive Cycle

The main regulatory pathway of the female reproductive cycle, involving the interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries.

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Study Notes

Anatomical Structures

  • The human body is composed of various systems, each with specific parts.
  • Each system has its own complex structure and function that helps the body to complete necessary tasks.
  • The systems described on the images include the Lymphatic System, Digestive System, Respiratory System, Urinary System, and Reproductive Systems.

Lymphatic System

  • The lymphatic system is responsible for fluid balance, immune defense and immune surveillance within the body.
  • The system comprises lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, and lymphatic organs which are the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
  • Lymph nodes are located along lymphatic vessels and act as filters.
  • The spleen filters blood, removes senescent RBCs, and produces lymphocytes.
  • The thymus is an organ that plays an important role in immune system development.
  • Tonsils are lymphatic masses that help to protect the entrance points to the respiratory and digestive tracts.
  • The lymphatic vessels are responsible for carrying lymph and collecting fluid from tissues.
  • Different lymphatic trunks collect lymph from different parts of the body.

Digestive System

  • The digestive system is made up of organs responsible for the digestion, absorption, and elimination of food.
  • Organs of the digestive system include the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the accessory organs such as the liver and pancreas.
  • The digestive system begins with the mouth; followed by the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and the large intestine.
  • The accessory organs are vital for the digestive process.

Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment.
  • The respiratory system includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.
  • The respiratory system is important for maintaining the oxygen levels in the body.

Urinary System

  • The urinary system filters blood and removes waste products.
  • The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
  • The kidneys remove metabolic wastes from blood and regulate water balance.

Reproductive System

  • The male and female reproductive systems include organs that are responsible for the creation of offspring.
  • The organs of the male system include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra. The female system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
  • These organs are responsible for producing gametes (sperm and eggs) and ensuring fertilization.

Anatomical Locations/Structures

  • The illustrations display the locations and relations of various organs within the body.
  • Anatomical diagrams and models help visualize these arrangements.
  • The images demonstrate the positions of lymphatic ducts, major digestive organs, specific anatomical features, and the location of the various organs responsible for the production and function of reproduction.
  • Models provide a three-dimensional understanding of the complex arrangement of body structures.

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ANPH 111 - Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Description

Explore the complex structures and functions of the human body's systems, including the Lymphatic, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, and Reproductive systems. Understand how each system plays a vital role in maintaining overall health and wellness.

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