Anatomy of Heart Variants

False (B)

Wall stress = (LV systolic pressure * radius) / (2 * wall thickness)

<p>increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unstable angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable angina = Chest pain during physical exertion Unstable angina = Chest pain at rest, often a medical emergency Variant angina = Chest pain at rest, triggered by coronary artery spasms Atypical angina = Vague or less severe chest pain, more common in women</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angina and heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crista terminalis (A), Eustachian valve (D), Eustachian ridge (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Septomarginal band</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moderator band</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lambl's excrescences = Atrial side of semilunar valves Transverse sinus = Posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, superior to LA Atrial side = Ventricular side of semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma elements and proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac reserve</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AV valves and semilunar valves are closed, and ventricular pressure rapidly rises. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All four valves close (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate of pressure decline in the left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>isovolumetric relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early rapid filling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventricular relaxation = Heart muscle fibers return to resting length LV compliance = Ability of the heart to expand Diastolic dysfunction = Condition affecting filling of the heart Atrial contraction = Contraction of the atria to push blood into ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>E wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>diastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>E wave velocity = Reflects LA-LV pressure gradient in early diastole Deceleration time (DT) = Measures slope from peak of E wave to baseline A wave velocity = Reflects LA-LV pressure gradient in late diastole Isovolumetric relaxation time = Time during which the heart is relaxed before the ventricles fill</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes less compliant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>deceleration time (DT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal ejection fraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forces blood into a non-compliant left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tissue doppler</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>E velocity = Reflects the rate of LV relaxation A wave = Occurs late in diastole LV compliance = Influences the filling pattern of the heart Pulmonary vein flow = Mirrors left ventricular inflow pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>STEMI and NSTEMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angina = Chest pain due to reduced blood supply Unstable angina = Chest pain at rest NSTEMI = Partial blockage of a coronary artery Cardiac arrest = Complete cessation of heart function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulseless electrical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to the left ventricle walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>acute myocardial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Troponin = Elevates within 3-4 hours Creatine kinase (CK) = Rises in 3-8 hours Infarcted myocardium = Appears thin and echogenic Biomarkers = Reveal blood changes in response to myocardial damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary artery disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IVS motion away from the LV free wall during systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

An irregular heartbeat that can disrupt normal blood flow.

Ability of heart muscle fibers to return to resting length after contraction.

Period after aortic valve closure where all valves are closed, and LV pressure drops.

The phase where mitral valve opens and blood rushes from LA to LV.

A brief phase where blood flow is slow and the AV valves flutter.

Final phase where the atria contract to fill the ventricles.

Ability of the left ventricle to expand and fill with blood.

The amount of oxygen delivered to heart muscle via coronary arteries.

Conditions like LVH lead to decreased compliance and heart stiffness.

The oxygen needed by cardiomyocytes, determined by wall stress.

Tension required to pump blood, influenced by heart structure.

The pressure in the left ventricle during contraction, affects wall stress.

A condition where the heart's ability to contract is impaired, leading to inadequate blood ejection.

A condition where the left ventricle expands, impacting oxygen demand.

A heart attack caused by complete blockage of a coronary artery, damaging heart muscle.

Thickening of the left ventricle walls, changing muscle load distribution.

Describes the relationship between wall tension, radius, and pressure in the heart.

Chest pain resulting from reduced blood supply to the myocardium, often a symptom of ischemic heart disease.

A predictable form of angina that occurs with increased oxygen demand but does not occur at rest.

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart, indicative of oxygen imbalance.

Chest pain that may occur at rest and is a sign of worsening heart condition, often with a flat ST segment on ECG.

Chest pain at rest, often due to coronary artery spasms.

Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, indicating partial blockage of a coronary artery.

Vague chest pain, typically less severe and more common in women.

ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, indicating complete blockage of a coronary artery.

A complete cessation of electrical activity in the heart, leading to no contractions and potential death without treatment.

A condition where there is heart electrical activity but no palpable pulse due to ineffective contractions.

Substances in the blood that indicate myocardial damage; common ones are troponin and CK.

A protein that becomes elevated in the blood after myocardial cell death; sensitive indicator of heart damage.

A state where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, often after a heart attack.

Condition where the mitral valve can't close fully, often due to ruptured papillary muscle, leading to backward blood flow.

A localized enlargement of a weakened area in the wall of an artery or heart chamber, potentially leading to complications.

A contained rupture of the heart's wall, usually with a neck, causing risk of further rupture.

Peripherally inserted central catheters used for medication administration.

Fibromuscular ridge between inferior vena cava and coronary sinus in the right atrium.

Fatty infiltration of the interatrial septum with fossa ovalis sparing.

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated by heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

Narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure and reduces blood flow.

A measure of the thickness of blood, affecting blood flow.

Phase where ventricles contract but no blood is ejected, pressure rises rapidly.

Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle, consisting of three leaflets.

An out-pouching of the interatrial septum often associated with a patent foramen ovale.

Measure of the percentage of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

Distance measured between the anterior mitral valve leaflet and the interventricular septum during early diastole.

A condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup.

Phase where the left ventricle fills with blood before contraction, volume increases.

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction.

Alternative blood flow that develops slowly due to obstruction within a vessel.

A condition of elevated blood pressure, often leading to other heart issues.

Narrowing of the aortic valve, causing resistance to blood flow.

The percentage of blood that is pumped out of the LV with each heartbeat.

The speed of blood flow from LA to LV during early diastole.

The speed of blood flow from LA to LV during late diastole caused by atrial contraction.

The time it takes for the E wave to peak and return to baseline.

Increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, often due to high LA pressure.

Thickening of the LV muscle, often caused by hypertension.

A method to measure the speed of the heart's walls during the cardiac cycle.

The pressure in the left atrium, which affects blood return to the LV.

Impaired filling of the heart due to stiffness or abnormalities.