Anatomy of Blood Vessels

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What is the main characteristic of the Tunica Media layer of the blood vessel wall?

It is mainly composed of smooth muscle cells

What is the function of arterioles?

To regulate blood pressure to capillaries

What is the characteristic of large arteries (Elastic arteries)?

They have a large amount of elastic tissue

What is the main function of capillaries?

To facilitate the exchange of materials Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the blood vessel wall?

Tunica Adventitia Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of medium-sized arteries (Muscular arteries)?

They have a large amount of smooth muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the level at which the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery?

Rib 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the descending aorta supplies the esophagus?

Esophageal artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies the anterior chest wall?

Intercostal artery Signup and view all the answers

Where does the brachial artery bifurcate?

At the elbow joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies the thyroid gland?

Thyrocervical artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies the adrenal glands?

Suprarenal artery Signup and view all the answers

Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

At the level of L4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies the muscles of the posterior forearm?

Ulnar artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies the breast?

Axillary artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies the diaphragm?

Superior phrenic artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of capillaries?

To allow for diffusion and osmosis with surrounding cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of capillary is the most permeable?

Sinusoidal Capillary Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the smallest of the veins?

Venules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a layer of a vein?

Tunica media Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies the right atrium and SA node?

Marginal Artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies both ventricles posteriorly and the AV node?

Posterior Descending Artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies the left atrium and left ventricle?

Circumflex Artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies the lower extremity?

Femoral artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the artery that supplies the brain and spinal cord?

Basilar Artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the trunk that gives rise to the right subclavian artery?

Brachiocephalic Trunk Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is the major artery to the knee joint?

Popliteal artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the aorta that extends from T4 to T12?

Thoracic Aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that forms the arcuate/dorsal arch in the foot?

Doralis pedis artery Signup and view all the answers

Which artery gives off branches to the posterior leg and lateral leg?

Posterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies the dorsum of the foot?

Doralis pedis artery Signup and view all the answers

Which artery forms the plantar arch?

Posterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

What are the divisions of the Aorta?

Ascending Aorta, Arch of Aorta, and Descending Aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the Descending Aorta divided into _______

Thoracic and Abdominal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the aorta with their corresponding locations:

Ascending Aorta = Rib 3 to Rib 2 Arch of Aorta = Rib 2 to T4 Descending Aorta (Thoracic part) = T4 to T12 Descending Aorta (Abdominal part) = T12 to L4 Signup and view all the answers

When looking at the Abdominal Aorta, you'll notice L4 splits into the right and left common iliac arteries.

True Signup and view all the answers

What two branches make up the ascending aorta?

Right and left coronary arteries Signup and view all the answers

Match the branches of the Right Coronary Artery with their corresponding descriptions:

<h1>Artrial branches = Supplies right atrium and SA node, arteries supply blood to everything around it Marginal artery = Supplies the right atrium and right ventricle Posterior descending/interventricular artery = Supplies both ventricles posteriorly and AV node, flip heart over to see post. descending artery</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Match the branches of the Left Coronary Artery with their corresponding descriptions:

Circumflex artery = Supplies the left atrium and left ventricle Anterior descending/interventricular artery = Supplies both ventricles anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a 'trunk' in the context of blood vessels?

A large artery that bifurcates into two smaller arteries. Signup and view all the answers

Match the branches of the aortic arch with their corresponding arteries:

Brachiocephalic Trunk = Right Subclavian Artery and Right Common Carotid Arch of Aorta = Left Subclavian Artery Right Subclavian Artery = Branch of the Brachiocephalic Trunk Left Subclavian Artery = Branch of the Arch of Aorta directly Signup and view all the answers

Match the divisions of the common carotid arteries with their respective functions:

Internal carotid arteries = Supply the brain External carotid arteries = Supply the external head, face, and neck Common carotid arteries = Pass along the trachea and divide at the upper thyroid cartilage Thyroid cartilage = Upper border of the trachea Signup and view all the answers

Match the branches of the Right and Left External Carotid Arteries with their respective areas of supply or function:

Superior Thyroid = Thyroid gland, neck muscles, hyoid bone and larynx Ascending Pharyngeal = To pharyngeal muscles & soft palate Lingual = Tongue, mouth, gums, sublingual gland Facial = Muscles of facial expression (depressor anguli oris, mentalis, corrugator supercilla) and mastication (all four: temporalis, lateral & medial pterygoid muscles, masseter), and lips, nose, submandibular gland Occipital = Neck muscles, ears, and scalp Posterior Auricular = Neck muscles, ears, and scalp Maxillary = Deep structures of the face, mandible and its teeth, maxilla and its teeth, mouth, pharynx, paranasal sinuses, muscles of mastication and eye muscles Superficial Temporal = Skin and muscles of the forehead, temporalis and masseter (but not pterygoid muscle), and parotid gland Signup and view all the answers

Match the branches of the Subclavian Arteries with their respective descriptions:

Vertebral = Travels up through the vertebral foramen in the transverse process of all cervical vertebra, enters skull through foramen magnum, supplies brain, spinal cord & vertebrae Internal Thoracic or Internal Mammary = Supplies the anterior chest wall, including thymus, sternum, intercostals, diaphragm, breast, pectoral muscles & abdominal muscles Thyrocervical = Supplies neck organs including thyroid, larynx, trachea, esophagus Costocervical = Supplies neck muscles and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

At what level does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

At the level of rib 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are supplied by the axillary artery?

Muscles of the thoracic wall, posterior arm, shoulder, breast Signup and view all the answers

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

at the inferior border of the teres major Signup and view all the answers

At the antecubital fossa (anterior to cubitus -elbow), what does the brachial artery bifurcate into?

Radial artery and Ulnar artery Signup and view all the answers

What structures does the radial artery supply?

Elbow joint and the muscles crossing it, muscles on the radial side of the anterior forearm, wrist, and muscles of the thenar eminence (which controls muscles of thumb) Signup and view all the answers

What does the ulnar artery supply?

Elbow joint, Radius and ulna, Common Interosseous Branch, muscles on the ulnar side of the anterior forearm, posterior forearm muscles (extensors), muscles of the hypothenar eminence, and digital arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are supplied by the Common Interosseous branch?

Muscles on the ulnar side of the anterior forearm and Posterior forearm muscles (extensors) Signup and view all the answers

Match the branches of the descending aorta in the thoracic region with their corresponding areas of supply:

Pericardial Artery = Pericardium Bronchial Artery = Bronchial tubes, lung tissue, esophagus Esophageal Artery = Esophagus Mediastinal Artery = Lymph nodes and CY of the posterior mediastinum Posterior intercostal = Intercostal spaces, anterior thoracic muscles, breast and back muscles, spinal cord, vertebrae Subcostal = Back muscles, spinal cord, vertebrae Superior phrenic = Superior surface surface of the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

The inferior phrenic arteries are found in the inferior surface of the diaphragm and are bilateral.

True Signup and view all the answers

The celiac trunk divides into three branches, including the left gastric artery, the common hepatic artery, and the _______ artery.

splenic Signup and view all the answers

Match the branches of the Celiac Trunk with the organs they supply:

Left Gastric = Stomach and esophagus Common Hepatic = Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, duodenum Splenic or Lienal = Spleen, stomach, pancreas Signup and view all the answers

Match the blood vessels with the corresponding areas they supply:

Superior Mesenteric = Pancreas, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal transverse colon Inferior Mesenteric = Distal transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon, upper rectum Signup and view all the answers

Name the three arteries that are paired in the abdominal aorta.

Celiac, gastric, and superior mesenteric arteries Signup and view all the answers

The 4 pairs of Lumbar arteries supply the

Skin & muscles of lumbar region, lateral abdominal muscles, lumbar vertebra, spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Middle or Median Sacral unpaired artery located, and what characteristic does it have?

Sacrum and coccyx, unpaired Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood vessels with their characteristics:

Common Illiac = Formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta at the level of L4 Internal Iliac/Hypogastric = Supplies the pelvic wall and pelvic organs, and buttock, genital organs and upper thigh External Iliac = Supplies lower abdominal and pelvic muscles, and passes under inguinal ligament and becomes Femoral artery Internal Iliac/Hypogastric = Supplies the upper thigh External Iliac = Passes under the inguinal ligament and becomes Femoral artery Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the superficial branch of the femoral artery as it passes through the adductor magnus muscles?

It exists at the adductor hiatus and becomes the popliteal artery Signup and view all the answers

What are the two branches of the popliteal artery?

Anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the major artery that supplies the knee joint?

Popliteal artery Signup and view all the answers

Which artery passes to the front of the leg and down the interosseous membrane?

Anterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that forms the arcuate/dorsal arch in the foot?

Doralis Pedis artery Signup and view all the answers

What branch does the posterior tibial give off that is also known as the Fibular artery?

Peroneal artery Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the dorsum of the foot?

Doralis Pedis artery Signup and view all the answers

Which artery forms the plantar arch?

Posterior tibial artery Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Vessel Wall Layers

Three major layers: Tunica Intima/Interna (Inner), Tunica Media (Middle), and Tunica Adventitia/Externa (Outer)
Tunica Intima: Endothelium, Subendothelial CT, and Internal Elastic Membrane (not well developed in small vessels)
Tunica Media: Smooth muscle cells, Elastic and Collagenous tissue, and External Elastic Membrane (in medium and large arteries)
Tunica Adventitia: Dense CT, blends into loose areolar CT of surrounding area

Blood Vessels

Arteries: Take blood away from the heart
Capillaries: Where exchange of materials occurs
Veins: Take blood towards the heart
Note: Arteries and Veins do not imply oxygen concentration, structural differences exist between them

Arteries

Large Artery (Elastic Artery): Characterized by large amounts of elastic tissue, reduces smooth muscle cells, and thinner adventitia
Medium-Sized Artery (Muscular Artery): Thicker media with more smooth muscle cells
Arteriole: Small vessels with 1-2 layers of muscle cells in the media, important in blood pressure regulation to capillaries

Capillaries

Composed of one layer of endothelial cells
Allow for diffusion and osmosis with surrounding cells
Only allow one red blood cell to pass at a time, slowing it enough for gas exchange to occur
Three types: Continuous Capillaries (least permeable), Fenestrated Capillaries (openings allow substances to leave), and Sinusoidal Capillaries (most permeable)

Veins

Venules: Receive blood from capillaries, composed of endothelial tubes and outer sheath of collagen fibers, no tunica media
Veins: Thinner media than arteries of the same size, adventitia is the most developed layer

Divisions of the Aorta

Ascending Aorta (Rib 3 to Rib 2)
Arch of Aorta (Rib 2 to T4)
Descending Aorta (Thoracic Aorta: T4 to T12, Abdominal Aorta: T12 to L4)

Coronary Arteries

Right Coronary Artery:
- Artrial branches supply right atrium and SA node
- Marginal artery supplies right atrium and right ventricle
- Posterior descending/interventricular artery supplies both ventricles posteriorly and AV node
Left Coronary Artery:
- Circumflex artery supplies left atrium and left ventricle
- Anterior descending/interventricular artery supplies both ventricles anteriorly

Branches of the Arch of the Aorta

Brachiocephalic Trunk
- Right Subclavian Artery
  - Right Common Carotid Artery (divides into internal and external carotid arteries)
- Left Common Carotid Artery (divides into internal and external carotid arteries)
- Left Subclavian Artery

Branches of the Descending Aorta

Thoracic Aorta (7 branches):
- Pericardial Artery
- Bronchial Artery
- Esophageal Artery
- Mediastinal Artery
- Posterior intercostal Artery
- Subcostal Artery
- Superior phrenic Artery
Abdominal Aorta (10 branches):
- Inferior phrenic Artery
- Celiac Trunk (divides into left gastric, common hepatic, and splenic arteries)
- Superior Mesenteric Artery
- Inferior Mesenteric Artery
- Suprarenal Artery
- Renal Artery
- Gonadal Artery
- Lumbar Artery (4 pairs)
- Middle or Median Sacral Artery
- Common Iliac Artery

Blood Supply to the Lower Extremity

The femoral artery supplies all parts of the thigh, external genitals, and perineum.

Femoral Artery Branches

The superficial branch passes through the adductor magnus muscles and exits out the adductor hiatus to become the popliteal artery.

Popliteal Artery

The popliteal artery is the major artery to the knee joint.
It supplies the posterior thigh muscles and posterior leg muscles.
The popliteal artery bifurcates into:
- Anterior tibial artery, which comes off laterally between the tibia and the fibula where it crosses over anteriorly.
- Posterior tibial artery, which is the continuation of the popliteal artery.

Anterior Tibial Artery

The anterior tibial artery passes to the front of the leg and down the interosseous membrane.
It supplies the knee joint, muscles of the anterior leg, and the ankle.
The anterior tibial artery becomes the Doralis Pedis artery at the ankle, which supplies the dorsum of the foot and forms the Arcuate/Dorsal arch in the foot.
It branches to the digital arteries.

Posterior Tibial Artery

The posterior tibial artery is the larger of the popliteal branches.
It descends on the posterior side of the leg, giving off branches to the posterior leg and lateral leg via the peroneal artery.
The largest branch of the posterior tibial artery supplies the medial leg and plantar surface (sole) of the foot.
It forms the plantar arch, which receives blood from the lateral and medial plantar arteries.
It supplies the toes via digital branches.

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