Anatomy of Blood Vessels
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the vasa vasorum in the blood vessel wall?

  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To reduce friction in the lumen
  • To provide blood supply to the vessel wall (correct)
  • To produce hormones that regulate blood flow

    • Which layer of the blood vessel wall is responsible for protecting and reinforcing the vessel?

  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Endothelium
  • Tunica externa (correct)

    • What is the characteristic of the endothelium that reduces friction in the lumen?

  • Its cuboidal shape
  • Its flat cells that fit closely together (correct)
  • Its ability to contract and relax
  • Its columnar shape

    • Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers in the blood vessel wall?

    <p>To regulate the activity of smooth muscle in the tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer that consists of a basement membrane and loose connective tissue in vessels larger than 1 mm?

    <p>Subendothelial layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins?

    <p>Superior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins?

    <p>Brachiocephalic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries is NOT a branch of the internal iliac artery?

    <p>Femoral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the artery that empties into the right atrium?

    <p>Superior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins is the widest blood vessel in the body?

    <p>Inferior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the direction in which veins run?

    <p>Toward the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the entire arterial flow moves through the abdominal vessels under resting conditions?

    <p>About half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery arises from the aorta at T12 and serves the inferior diaphragm surface?

    <p>Inferior phrenic arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and large arteries of the neck?

    <p>To detect changes in CO2, pH, or O2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries is unpaired?

    <p>Celiac trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the celiac trunk?

    <p>Supply the visceral organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is responsible for integrating reflexes that regulate blood pressure?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on blood pressure?

    <p>They increase blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction and increasing cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries supply the abdominal organs?

    <p>Abdominal aorta and its branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>It increases blood pressure during stress and exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a branch of the abdominal aorta?

    <p>Axillary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood pressure?

    <p>It increases blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of the vasomotor center when activated by chemoreceptors?

    <p>It stimulates vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary region drained by the internal jugular veins?

    <p>Brain and skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure through which the internal jugular veins exit the skull?

    <p>Jugular foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins does NOT directly drain into the internal jugular vein?

    <p>External jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vein formed by the union of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein?

    <p>Brachiocephalic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final destination of the blood drained by the internal jugular veins?

    <p>Superior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a deep vein of the face and neck that drains into the internal jugular vein?

    <p>Middle thyroid vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Short-term Mechanisms: Chemoreceptor Reflexes

    • Chemoreceptors in aortic arch and large arteries of neck detect increase in CO2, or drop in pH or O2
    • Cause increased blood pressure by signaling cardioacceleratory center to increase CO and vasomotor center to increase vasoconstriction
    • Vasomotor centers activated, causing reflex vasoconstriction, rise in BP due to constricted veins, and fast return of blood to heart and lungs

    Short-term Mechanisms: Influence of Higher Brain Centers

    • Reflexes that regulate BP integrated in the medulla oblongata
    • Hypothalamus and cerebral cortex not involved in routine controls of BP, but can modify arterial pressure via relays to medulla
    • Hypothalamus increases blood pressure during stress, mediates redistribution of blood flow during exercise and changes in body temperature

    Short-term Mechanisms: Hormonal Controls

    • Released during periods of stress, enhance sympathetic responses by increasing CO and vasoconstruction, causing increased blood pressure
    • Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal gland increase CO and vasoconstriction
    • Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction and raises BP when blood pressure or volume are low

    Structure of Blood Vessels

    • Tunica externa: external/outside layer, protects, reinforces, and anchors the vessel, has nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and elastic fibers
    • Tunica intima: endothelium, subendothelial layer, internal elastic membrane
    • Tunica media: smooth muscle and elastic fibers
    • Tunica externa: collagen fibers, vasa vasorum (blood supply to blood vessel)

    Arteries of the Body

    • Arteries of the abdomen arise from the abdominal aorta, supply the abdominal wall, diaphragm, and visceral organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
    • Inferior phrenic arteries serve the inferior diaphragm surface
    • Celiac trunk is a large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta, divides into three branches

    Veins of the Systemic Circulation

    • Veins run toward the heart, with most distal veins named first and those closest to the heart last
    • Superior Vena Cava receives systemic blood draining from areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall
    • Inferior Vena Cava is the widest blood vessel, returns blood to the heart from all body regions below the diaphragm
    • Internal jugular veins receive blood from the brain, and are the largest of the paired veins draining the head and neck

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    Description

    Learn about the structure and components of blood vessels, including the tunica externa, tunica intima, and tunica media, and understand their functions in blood circulation. Identify the different layers and membranes that make up the blood vessel wall. Test your knowledge of the anatomy of arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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