Questions and Answers
What is the function of the vasa vasorum in the blood vessel wall?
To provide blood supply to the vessel wall
Which layer of the blood vessel wall is responsible for protecting and reinforcing the vessel?
Tunica externa
What is the characteristic of the endothelium that reduces friction in the lumen?
Its flat cells that fit closely together
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers?
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What is the function of the sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers in the blood vessel wall?
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What is the name of the layer that consists of a basement membrane and loose connective tissue in vessels larger than 1 mm?
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What is the term for the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins?
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Which artery is formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins?
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Which of the following arteries is NOT a branch of the internal iliac artery?
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What is the name of the artery that empties into the right atrium?
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Which of the following veins is the widest blood vessel in the body?
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What is the term for the direction in which veins run?
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What percentage of the entire arterial flow moves through the abdominal vessels under resting conditions?
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Which artery arises from the aorta at T12 and serves the inferior diaphragm surface?
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What is the primary function of chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and large arteries of the neck?
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Which of the following arteries is unpaired?
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What is the primary function of the celiac trunk?
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Which brain region is responsible for integrating reflexes that regulate blood pressure?
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What is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on blood pressure?
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Which arteries supply the abdominal organs?
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What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating blood pressure?
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Which of the following is NOT a branch of the abdominal aorta?
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What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood pressure?
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What is the response of the vasomotor center when activated by chemoreceptors?
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What is the primary region drained by the internal jugular veins?
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What is the structure through which the internal jugular veins exit the skull?
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Which of the following veins does NOT directly drain into the internal jugular vein?
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What is the name of the vein formed by the union of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein?
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What is the final destination of the blood drained by the internal jugular veins?
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Which of the following is a deep vein of the face and neck that drains into the internal jugular vein?
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Study Notes
Short-term Mechanisms: Chemoreceptor Reflexes
- Chemoreceptors in aortic arch and large arteries of neck detect increase in CO2, or drop in pH or O2
- Cause increased blood pressure by signaling cardioacceleratory center to increase CO and vasomotor center to increase vasoconstriction
- Vasomotor centers activated, causing reflex vasoconstriction, rise in BP due to constricted veins, and fast return of blood to heart and lungs
Short-term Mechanisms: Influence of Higher Brain Centers
- Reflexes that regulate BP integrated in the medulla oblongata
- Hypothalamus and cerebral cortex not involved in routine controls of BP, but can modify arterial pressure via relays to medulla
- Hypothalamus increases blood pressure during stress, mediates redistribution of blood flow during exercise and changes in body temperature
Short-term Mechanisms: Hormonal Controls
- Released during periods of stress, enhance sympathetic responses by increasing CO and vasoconstruction, causing increased blood pressure
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal gland increase CO and vasoconstriction
- Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction and raises BP when blood pressure or volume are low
Structure of Blood Vessels
- Tunica externa: external/outside layer, protects, reinforces, and anchors the vessel, has nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and elastic fibers
- Tunica intima: endothelium, subendothelial layer, internal elastic membrane
- Tunica media: smooth muscle and elastic fibers
- Tunica externa: collagen fibers, vasa vasorum (blood supply to blood vessel)
Arteries of the Body
- Arteries of the abdomen arise from the abdominal aorta, supply the abdominal wall, diaphragm, and visceral organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
- Inferior phrenic arteries serve the inferior diaphragm surface
- Celiac trunk is a large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta, divides into three branches
Veins of the Systemic Circulation
- Veins run toward the heart, with most distal veins named first and those closest to the heart last
- Superior Vena Cava receives systemic blood draining from areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall
- Inferior Vena Cava is the widest blood vessel, returns blood to the heart from all body regions below the diaphragm
- Internal jugular veins receive blood from the brain, and are the largest of the paired veins draining the head and neck
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