Anatomy and Physiology: Blood Vessels and the Heart
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Questions and Answers

Which blood vessel returns blood from the heart itself to the right atrium?

  • Hepatic vein
  • Pulmonary vein
  • Coronary sinus (correct)
  • Renal vein

What is the name for a blockage of a blood vessel caused by a blood clot?

  • Aneurysm
  • Embolism
  • Hematoma
  • Thrombus (correct)

In which vessels are semilunar valves found?

  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins (correct)
  • Arterioles

Which of the following blood vessels carries blood away from the heart?

<p>Aorta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what specific part of the body would you find the hepatic portal vein?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural anticoagulant secreted by basophils in the body?

<p>Heparin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for part of a clot that detaches and can block blood vessels?

<p>Embolus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding heparin to a saline solution?

<p>To prevent blood from clotting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the pericardium?

<p>A double-layered serous sac around the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chambers does the heart have?

<p>Four (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart chamber pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation?

<p>Right ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart chamber has the thickest myocardium?

<p>Left ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inner layer of the heart wall called?

<p>Endocardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart wall contains cardiac muscle?

<p>Myocardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

<p>Right atrioventricular valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood do venules collect from capillary beds?

<p>Deoxygenated blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery does oxygenated blood leave the left ventricle through?

<p>Aortic arch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are granulocytes produced?

<p>Bone marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these arteries supplies the tissues of the heart with oxygenated blood?

<p>Coronary arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An increase in neutrophils, known as neutrophilia, typically indicates what?

<p>The presence of an infective process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies blood to the forelimb?

<p>Brachial artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of granulocyte plays a major role in controlling parasitic infestations?

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies blood to the kidneys?

<p>Renal artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies blood to the small intestine?

<p>Cranial mesenteric artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is secreted by basophils that increases inflammation?

<p>Histamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vein returns deoxygenated blood from the head?

<p>Jugular vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of agranulocytes?

<p>Clear cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vein collects blood from the forelimbs?

<p>Subclavian vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for humoral immunity?

<p>B lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages are matured from which type of leukocyte?

<p>Monocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer coat of an artery called?

<p>Tunica adventitia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is the tunica media of arteries composed of?

<p>Smooth muscle and elastic tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell do thrombocytes originate from?

<p>Megakaryocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of platelets in the blood?

<p>Blood clotting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels are responsible for regulating blood flow to the capillary beds?

<p>Arterioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vessel consists of a single layer of endothelial cells?

<p>Capillary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme released by platelets initiates the blood clotting process?

<p>Thromboplastin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the options carry blood towards the heart?

<p>Veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is essential for the manufacture of prothrombin in the liver?

<p>Vitamin K (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plasma protein is converted into fibrin during blood clotting?

<p>Fibrinogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vein carries oxygenated blood?

<p>Pulmonary Vein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal blood clotting time in a healthy animal?

<p>3-5 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vein is commonly used for venepuncture in dogs and cats?

<p>Cephalic vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does raising the environmental temperature have on clotting time?

<p>Reduces clotting time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Warfarin poisoning interferes with the levels of which vitamin?

<p>Vitamin K (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of erythrocytes?

<p>To transport oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular component is responsible for blood clotting?

<p>Thrombocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of leukocytes?

<p>Immune defense (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the liquid component of blood called?

<p>Plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of plasma?

<p>Antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein helps maintain the osmotic concentration of blood?

<p>Albumin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinogen and prothrombin are essential for what process?

<p>Clotting mechanism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells produce immunoglobulins?

<p>Immune system cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood cells is responsible for transporting oxygen?

<p>Erythrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the formation of all types of blood cells?

<p>Haemopoiesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur?

<p>Red bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a granular leucocyte?

<p>Lymphocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many erythrocytes are there per cubic millimetre of blood?

<p>$6-8$ million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the red pigment found in erythrocytes?

<p>Hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone controls the production of red blood cells?

<p>Erythropoietin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate lifespan of a circulating erythrocyte?

<p>120 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is myeloid tissue responsible for?

<p>The formation of erythrocytes and granular leucocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are cell fragments?

<p>Thrombocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hepatic portal system?

<p>To transport blood directly from the digestive tract to the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining blood volume and pressure?

<p>Albumin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver in the hepatic portal system?

<p>Hepatic portal vein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A portosystemic shunt causes blood to bypass which organ?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is used by blood to dissipate heat from the body?

<p>Vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following helps blood maintain a stable pH?

<p>Buffers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about fetal circulation?

<p>The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is part of the body's immune system?

<p>White blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus?

<p>Umbilical vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?

<p>An opening between the right and left atria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism prevents excessive blood loss from wounds?

<p>Clotting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity?

<p>Ascites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ductus arteriosus connect in the fetus?

<p>Pulmonary artery and aorta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of blood plasma?

<p>Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ductus venosus in fetal circulation?

<p>To bypass the liver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In pulmonary circulation, where does blood pick up oxygen?

<p>Lung capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral salts are most abundant in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>Sodium and chloride (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formed element is not a type of leucocyte?

<p>Erythrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

<p>Pulmonary veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formed element of blood is responsible for clotting?

<p>Platelets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

<p>To return excess tissue fluid to the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fluid is transported by the lymphatic system?

<p>Lymph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

<p>Transporting oxygen to tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are lymph nodes primarily located?

<p>All regions of the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels collect excess tissue fluid?

<p>Lymphatic capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vessel are capillaries?

<p>Small, thin-walled, and permeable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of capillaries?

<p>Exchanging gases, nutrients, and waste products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are capillary beds located?

<p>Between arterioles and venules within tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of veins?

<p>Carrying blood towards the heart at low pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of veins?

<p>Valves to prevent backflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What helps veins move blood back to the heart?

<p>The squeezing action of surrounding skeletal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel returns deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and forelimbs to the heart?

<p>Cranial vena cava (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins drain the head?

<p>Jugular veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel returns deoxygenated blood from the pelvic region, hind limbs, and abdominal viscera?

<p>Caudal vena cava (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main artery of the body?

<p>Aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries supply the tissues of the heart with oxygenated blood?

<p>Coronary arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The renal arteries supply blood to which organs?

<p>Kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The internal iliac arteries supply blood to which region(s)?

<p>Pelvic viscera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies blood to the hind limbs?

<p>Femoral artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pulmonary Artery

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the cranial and caudal vena cava.

Semilunar Valves (in veins)

Prevents backflow of blood in veins due to low pressure.

Hepatic Portal Vein

Blood vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver.

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Thrombus

A blood clot that occludes a blood vessel

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Granulocytes

A type of leukocyte with granules in its cytoplasm and a segmented nucleus, making up about 70% of all leukocytes.

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Neutrophils

Granulocyte that engulfs bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis.

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Neutrophilia

Elevated numbers of neutrophils, often indicating an infection.

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Eosinophils

Granulocyte involved in allergic/inflammatory processes and parasitic control; granules stain red.

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Eosinophilia

Elevated numbers of eosinophils, typically in response to parasitic infestation.

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Basophils

Granulocyte that secretes histamine and heparin; granules stain blue.

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Agranulocytes

Leukocytes with clear cytoplasm, including lymphocytes and monocytes.

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Lymphocytes

Main cell type of the immune system, responsible for specific immune responses.

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B Lymphocytes

Type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies and is involved in humoral immunity.

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T Lymphocytes

Type of lymphocyte involved in the cellular immune response.

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Monocytes

Phagocytic cells that mature into macrophages in tissues.

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Lymphoma

Cancer where B or T lymphocytes grow uncontrollably, forming tumors in lymph nodes.

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Thrombocytes

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting, formed from megakaryocytes in bone marrow.

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Thrombocytopenia

Reduction in the number of platelets.

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Prothrombin

Plasma protein converted to thrombin by thromboplastin and calcium ions.

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Heparin

Natural anticoagulant secreted by basophils, prevents clots in blood vessels.

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Pericardium

Sac enclosing the heart within the mediastinum.

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Septum (Heart)

Separates the right and left halves of the heart.

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Atria (singular: Atrium)

Receives blood from systemic and pulmonary circulations.

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Ventricles

Pumps blood out of the heart into the pulmonary and systemic circulations.

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Myocardium

Thickest in the left ventricle, assists in pumping blood into the arteries.

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Endocardium

Inner layer of the heart wall, continuous with blood vessel lining.

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Myocardium

Middle layer of the heart wall, made of cardiac muscle.

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Epicardium

Outer layer of the heart wall, serous inner layer of the pericardium.

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Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart.

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Venules

Smallest veins that collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries and return it to the heart via the veins.

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Aorta

Main artery of the body, originating from the left ventricle; distributes oxygenated blood.

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Coronary arteries

Supply oxygenated blood to the tissues of the heart.

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Brachiocephalic trunk

Supplies blood to the head via the common carotid arteries and the right forelimb via the subclavian artery.

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Subclavian artery

Supplies blood to the forelimbs.

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Renal arteries

Supply the kidneys with blood.

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Ovarian/Testicular arteries

Supply the female or male gonads with blood.

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Coeliac artery

Supplies the stomach, spleen and liver.

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Cranial mesenteric artery

Supplies the small intestine.

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Caudal mesenteric artery

Supplies the large intestine.

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Internal iliac artery

Artery that supplies the pelvic viscera.

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Cranial vena cava

Returns deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and forelimbs to the right atrium.

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Caudal vena cava

Returns deoxygenated blood from the pelvic region, hind limbs, and abdominal viscera to the right atrium.

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Capillaries

Small vessels consisting of a single layer of endothelial cells where gas exchange, nutrient uptake, and waste removal occur.

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Albumin

Maintains osmotic concentration, keeping water in the blood.

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Fibrinogen & Prothrombin

Involved in the mechanism that causes blood to congeal.

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Immunoglobulins

Antibodies produced by the immune system.

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Haemopoiesis

Formation of all types of blood cells.

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Erythropoiesis

Formation of red blood cells.

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Lymphoid Tissue

Found in lymph nodes/spleen; produces lymphocytes and monocytes.

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Myeloid Tissue

In red bone marrow; forms erythrocytes and granular leucocytes.

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Serum

Plasma without clotting factors.

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells; transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide.

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Hemoglobin

Protein containing iron in red blood cells.

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Erythrocyte Shape

Large surface area for gaseous exchange.

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Reticulocyte

Immature erythrocyte with a nucleus consisting of fine threads.

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Erythropoietin

Hormone that controls red blood cell production.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells; defend the body against infection.

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Plasma Proteins Role

Maintains blood volume and pressure via albumin.

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Blood's Acid-Base Balance

Helps maintain a constant pH level by absorbing or releasing H+ ions.

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Blood's Defense Role

Helps prevent infection via white blood cells, antibodies, and antitoxins.

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Blood Clotting Function

Prevents excessive blood loss from wounds

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Oedema

Abnormal fluid accumulation in body cavities/intercellular spaces.

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Ascites

Oedematous fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.

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Plasma

Fluid part of blood, containing water, nutrients, waste, etc..

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Mineral Salts in Plasma

Maintain osmotic balance and pH.

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Plasma Proteins Function

Maintain osmotic pressure of blood.

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Hepatic Portal System

A modified circulation system that takes blood directly from the digestive tract to the liver for immediate processing.

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Hepatic Artery

Carries oxygenated blood to the liver.

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Portosystemic Shunt

A birth defect where blood bypasses the liver, leading to increased blood ammonia levels.

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Placenta's Role in Fetal Circulation

Provides oxygen and nutrients and removes waste products during gestation.

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Umbilical Vein

Blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

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Umbilical Arteries

Blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood and waste from the fetus to the placenta.

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Foramen Ovale (Fetal)

An opening in the septum between the right and left atria, allowing blood to bypass non-functioning lungs in the fetus.

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Ductus Arteriosus (Fetal)

A vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and aorta, bypassing the fetal lungs.

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Ductus Venosus (Fetal)

Venous shunt within the umbilical vein to the caudal vena cava, bypassing the fetal liver.

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Functions of Lymphatic System

Returning excess tissue fluid to the blood, removing bacteria, producing lymphocytes, and transporting fat digestion products.

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Lymphatic Capillaries

Thin-walled vessels collecting excess tissue fluid.

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Lymph Nodes

Specialized filtering stations that remove bacteria and foreign particles from the lymph.

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Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close at birth.

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Capillary Beds

Networks of capillaries connecting arterioles and venules within tissues.

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Veins

Vessels carrying blood towards the heart, typically deoxygenated (except pulmonary vein).

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Jugular Veins

Drains the head and runs down the ventral surface of the neck.

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Subclavian Veins

Collects blood from the veins of the forelimb.

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Azygos Vein

Vein arising in the abdomen and runs towards the heart.

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Left Subclavian Artery

Supplies blood to the left forelimb.

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