Anatomy Flashcards: Form Fits Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the pharynx?

What is the function of the esophagus?

Moves food from the pharynx to the stomach

What is the primary function of the stomach?

Digests food and kills microorganisms

What is the function of the liver?

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What is the function of the pancreas?

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What is the function of the gallbladder?

<p>Stores bile and releases it into the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the small intestine?

<p>Breaks down macromolecules from food and absorbs nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the large intestine?

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What is the function of the rectum and anus?

<p>Stores waste until elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the oral cavity?

<p>Takes in and breaks down food</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the epiglottis serve?

<p>Prevents choking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lungs?

<p>Breathing and gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the larynx?

<p>Allows people to talk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trachea?

<p>Allows air to travel from the pharynx to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the alveoli?

<p>Allow gas exchange to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a sarcomere?

<p>Contracts to shorten the muscle fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the heart?

<p>Pumps blood through the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an artery?

<p>Moves blood away from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a vein?

<p>Moves blood back to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a macrophage/dendritic cell?

<p>Engulfs pathogens and alerts the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

<p>Controls appetite, temperature, drinking, emotion, and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a B cell?

<p>Produces antibodies to disable pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a helper T cell do?

<p>Recognizes antigens and sends signals to other immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a cytotoxic T cell?

<p>Stimulates infected cells to perform apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a nephron?

<p>Filters blood and maintains osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bladder?

<p>Stores urine until it can be eliminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sperm?

<p>Brings male genetic material to the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the egg?

<p>Contains female genetic material and supports embryo development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a neuron?

<p>Propagates action potential to send signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a chemoreceptor?

<p>Translates a chemical signal into an electrical signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a mechanoreceptor?

<p>Translates movement into an electrical signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the diaphragm do?

<p>Involved in breathing via negative pressure breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestive System

  • Pharynx: Connects oral cavity to esophagus; aids in swallowing.

  • Esophagus:

    • Moves food to stomach via peristalsis (involuntary muscle contractions).
    • Smooth muscle tube structure ensures efficient transport.

  • Stomach:

    • Digests proteins and destroys microorganisms.
    • Contains specialized cells:
      • Chief Cells: Secrete pepsinogen for protein breakdown.
      • Parietal Cells: Produce HCl, activating pepsin and denaturing proteins.
      • Mucous Cells: Protect stomach lining from acid.

  • Gallbladder:

    • Stores bile; essential for lipid emulsification.
    • Connects to duodenum via tubes.

  • Small Intestine:

    • Duodenum: Breaks down macromolecules; receives bile and pancreatic enzymes.
    • Ileum & Jejunum: Absorb nutrients using villi and microvilli to increase surface area.

  • Rectum & Anus:

    • Store waste for voluntary excretion.
    • Contains both involuntary and voluntary sphincters for control.

  • Oral Cavity:

    • Mechanically and chemically breaks down food.
    • Teeth increase surface area for enzymatic action.

  • Epiglottis:

    • Prevents choking by directing food to esophagus or air to trachea.

Respiratory System

  • Lungs:

    • Facilitate breathing and gas exchange.
    • Composed of alveoli for efficient oxygen absorption.

  • Larynx:

    • Located atop trachea, enables voice production via vocal cords.

  • Trachea:

    • Conducts air to lungs; reinforced by cartilage rings to prevent collapse.

  • Alveoli:

    • Thin-walled sacs enveloped by capillaries for gas exchange.

Muscular System

  • Sarcomere:
    • Basic unit of muscle contraction.
    • Surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium ion release.

Circulatory System

  • Heart:

    • Pumps blood with electrical regulation through sinoatrial node.
    • Four chambers prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

  • Artery:

    • Transports blood away from heart; thick, high-pressure walls.

  • Vein:

    • Returns blood to heart; features valves to prevent backflow.

Immune System

  • Macrophage/Dendritic Cell:

    • Engulfs pathogens; alerts innate immune responses.

  • B Cell:

    • Produces antibodies for pathogen targeting.

  • Helper T Cell:

    • Activates B cells and cytotoxic T cells via cytokines.

  • Cytotoxic T Cell:

    • Induces apoptosis in infected cells.

Nervous System

  • Neuron:

    • Transmits signals through action potentials.
    • Myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier enhance transmission speed.

  • Chemoreceptor:

    • Translates chemical signals into electrical impulses for sensory processing.

  • Mechanoreceptor:

    • Converts physical movement into electrical signals.

Excretory System

  • Nephron:

    • Functional unit for blood filtration; reabsorbs necessary substances, secretes waste.

  • Bladder:

    • Stores urine; elastic and muscular for controlled release.

Reproductive System

  • Sperm:

    • Male genetic carrier; streamlined for mobility with acrosome for egg penetration.

  • Egg:

    • Female genetic material; protected and rich in organelles for offspring development.

Endocrine and Central Nervous System

  • Hypothalamus:
    • Regulates appetite, temperature, emotions; connects to pituitary gland for hormone release.

Respiratory Muscle

  • Diaphragm:
    • Key muscle for breathing; contracts and relaxes to regulate lung volume and airflow.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of anatomy with these flashcards focusing on the function and form of various digestive system components. From the pharynx to the stomach, each card provides critical insights into how these structures work together to facilitate digestion.

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