Questions and Answers
What is the function of the pharynx?
What is the function of the esophagus?
Moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
What is the primary function of the stomach?
Digests food and kills microorganisms
What is the function of the liver?
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What is the function of the pancreas?
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What is the function of the gallbladder?
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What is the function of the small intestine?
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What is the function of the large intestine?
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What is the function of the rectum and anus?
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What is the function of the oral cavity?
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What function does the epiglottis serve?
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What is the function of the lungs?
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What is the function of the larynx?
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What is the function of the trachea?
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What is the function of the alveoli?
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What is the function of a sarcomere?
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What is the function of the heart?
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What is the function of an artery?
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What is the function of a vein?
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What is the function of a macrophage/dendritic cell?
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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
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What is the function of a B cell?
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What does a helper T cell do?
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What is the function of a cytotoxic T cell?
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What is the function of a nephron?
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What is the function of the bladder?
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What is the function of the sperm?
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What is the function of the egg?
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What is the function of a neuron?
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What is the function of a chemoreceptor?
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What is the function of a mechanoreceptor?
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What does the diaphragm do?
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Study Notes
Digestive System
-
Pharynx: Connects oral cavity to esophagus; aids in swallowing.
-
Esophagus:
- Moves food to stomach via peristalsis (involuntary muscle contractions).
- Smooth muscle tube structure ensures efficient transport.
-
Stomach:
- Digests proteins and destroys microorganisms.
- Contains specialized cells:
- Chief Cells: Secrete pepsinogen for protein breakdown.
- Parietal Cells: Produce HCl, activating pepsin and denaturing proteins.
- Mucous Cells: Protect stomach lining from acid.
-
Gallbladder:
- Stores bile; essential for lipid emulsification.
- Connects to duodenum via tubes.
-
Small Intestine:
- Duodenum: Breaks down macromolecules; receives bile and pancreatic enzymes.
- Ileum & Jejunum: Absorb nutrients using villi and microvilli to increase surface area.
-
Rectum & Anus:
- Store waste for voluntary excretion.
- Contains both involuntary and voluntary sphincters for control.
-
Oral Cavity:
- Mechanically and chemically breaks down food.
- Teeth increase surface area for enzymatic action.
-
Epiglottis:
- Prevents choking by directing food to esophagus or air to trachea.
Respiratory System
-
Lungs:
- Facilitate breathing and gas exchange.
- Composed of alveoli for efficient oxygen absorption.
-
Larynx:
- Located atop trachea, enables voice production via vocal cords.
-
Trachea:
- Conducts air to lungs; reinforced by cartilage rings to prevent collapse.
-
Alveoli:
- Thin-walled sacs enveloped by capillaries for gas exchange.
Muscular System
-
Sarcomere:
- Basic unit of muscle contraction.
- Surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium ion release.
Circulatory System
-
Heart:
- Pumps blood with electrical regulation through sinoatrial node.
- Four chambers prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
-
Artery:
- Transports blood away from heart; thick, high-pressure walls.
-
Vein:
- Returns blood to heart; features valves to prevent backflow.
Immune System
-
Macrophage/Dendritic Cell:
- Engulfs pathogens; alerts innate immune responses.
-
B Cell:
- Produces antibodies for pathogen targeting.
-
Helper T Cell:
- Activates B cells and cytotoxic T cells via cytokines.
-
Cytotoxic T Cell:
- Induces apoptosis in infected cells.
Nervous System
-
Neuron:
- Transmits signals through action potentials.
- Myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier enhance transmission speed.
-
Chemoreceptor:
- Translates chemical signals into electrical impulses for sensory processing.
-
Mechanoreceptor:
- Converts physical movement into electrical signals.
Excretory System
-
Nephron:
- Functional unit for blood filtration; reabsorbs necessary substances, secretes waste.
-
Bladder:
- Stores urine; elastic and muscular for controlled release.
Reproductive System
-
Sperm:
- Male genetic carrier; streamlined for mobility with acrosome for egg penetration.
-
Egg:
- Female genetic material; protected and rich in organelles for offspring development.
Endocrine and Central Nervous System
-
Hypothalamus:
- Regulates appetite, temperature, emotions; connects to pituitary gland for hormone release.
Respiratory Muscle
-
Diaphragm:
- Key muscle for breathing; contracts and relaxes to regulate lung volume and airflow.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of anatomy with these flashcards focusing on the function and form of various digestive system components. From the pharynx to the stomach, each card provides critical insights into how these structures work together to facilitate digestion.
