Questions and Answers
Which of the following are component organs of the digestive tract? (Select all that apply)
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are the two types of digestion?
Mechanical and chemical
What are the six functions of the digestive system?
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What is the correct order of the four steps of the digestive system?
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Where does mechanical digestion begin?
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Where does chemical digestion of starch food begin?
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Where does chemical digestion of proteins begin?
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Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion? (Select one)
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Which of the following is an example of chemical digestion? (Select one)
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Which organ plays the biggest role in absorbing nutrients from food?
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What is the role of saliva in the digestive system?
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What does the enzyme amylase do?
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What is another name for food that has been chewed and mixed with saliva?
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What process do the muscles of the esophagus use to move food downward?
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What are the wrinkles called that the stomach forms when it is empty?
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What do gastric juices in the stomach do?
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Which organ does both chemical and mechanical digestion?
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By what name is the food called when it leaves the stomach to enter the small intestine?
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What are the layers of the digestive tract?
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What are the components of mucosa?
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Contraction of which layer alters the shape of the intestinal lumen?
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What is the mesentery?
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What is the primary function of the colon (large intestine)?
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What is pepsin?
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In which environment does pepsin work best?
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What kind of acid is produced by stomach glands to optimize chemical digestion?
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What is the pH level inside the human stomach?
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What happens when there is too much water absorption in the large intestine?
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What happens when there is too little water absorption in the large intestine?
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Contraction of which layer of the intestinal wall helps move food through its length?
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What does salivary amylase digest?
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Study Notes
Component and Accessory Organs
- Major component organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, and anus.
- Accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Types of Digestion
- Digestion occurs in two forms: mechanical (physical breakdown) and chemical (enzymatic breakdown).
Functions of the Digestive System
- Ingestion: bringing food into the mouth.
- Mechanical processing: physical manipulation of food.
- Digestion: breaking down food into smaller components.
- Secretion: the release of digestive juices, including saliva that acts on starches.
- Absorption: transfer of nutrients from food into the bloodstream.
- Excretion: elimination of undigested material.
Digestive Process Order
- The digestive process follows these steps: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
Locations of Digestion
- Mechanical digestion starts in the mouth.
- Chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth; protein digestion begins in the stomach.
Examples of Digestion Types
- Mechanical digestion is exemplified by chewing food.
- Chemical digestion includes enzymes breaking down food and saliva breaking down starches.
Absorption
- The small intestine is the primary organ for nutrient absorption.
Role of Saliva
- Saliva moistens and lubricates food for easy swallowing and starts chemical digestion with amylase.
Enzyme Function
- Amylase breaks down starches into sugars.
- Bolus refers to chewed food combined with saliva.
Esophagus Functioning
- The esophagus moves food downward using peristalsis (muscle contractions).
Stomach Structure and Function
- The stomach has rugae (folds) when empty.
- Gastric juices kill bacteria and digest food, containing hydrochloric acid.
Digestive Juices and Digestion
- Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur in the stomach.
- Food leaves the stomach as chyme, a creamy paste.
Digestive Tract Layers
- Digestive tract consists of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
Components of Mucosa
- Mucosa includes the mucosal epithelium, villi, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.
Mesentery Function
- The mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum, holding organs in place, storing fat, and allowing blood vessels and nerves access.
Colon Function
- The colon's primary function is to remove water from undigested material.
Pepsin's Role
- Pepsin is the protein-digesting enzyme in the stomach, breaking down proteins into smaller fragments.
- Pepsin operates best in an acidic environment.
Stomach Acid and pH
- Hydrochloric acid is produced by stomach glands for optimal digestion.
- The stomach maintains a pH level of approximately 1.
Water Absorption Issues
- Excess water absorption in the large intestine can cause constipation.
- Insufficient water absorption may result in diarrhea.
Muscular Layers
- The muscularis layer contracts to change the shape of the intestinal lumen and facilitate food movement.
- Salivary amylase digests carbohydrates.
Salivary Glands
- In total, there are three pairs of salivary glands that secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
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This quiz features flashcards focused on the essential components and functions of the digestive system. Each card highlights key aspects, such as the organs involved and the types of digestion. Test your knowledge and reinforce your understanding of human biology.