Questions and Answers
Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?
Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________.
thalamus
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________.
sacral plexus
Place the meninges and associated spaces in order from most superficial to deepest.
Signup and view all the answers
The arbor vitae refers to ________.
Signup and view all the answers
At a chemical synapse, what describes the communication between two cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT part of a reflex arc?
Signup and view all the answers
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Graded potentials occur when ions move across a membrane in dendrites/the soma and cause a minor change in the resting membrane potential.
Signup and view all the answers
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
The term central nervous system refers to the ________.
Signup and view all the answers
White matter is found in all of the following locations except the ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the occurrence of a sensation?
Signup and view all the answers
In order for a neuron to regenerate, it must be in the peripheral nervous system.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?
Signup and view all the answers
Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?
Signup and view all the answers
Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) are ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Each of the following is an amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter EXCEPT:
Signup and view all the answers
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neuroglia cells produce myelin?
Signup and view all the answers
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Place the events involved in generating an action potential in the order in which they occur.
Signup and view all the answers
Regeneration within the CNS ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.
Signup and view all the answers
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?
Signup and view all the answers
A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a main level of neural integration in the somatosensory system?
Signup and view all the answers
An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Axons classified as A fibers
Signup and view all the answers
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?
Signup and view all the answers
Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.
Signup and view all the answers
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Select the statement that is most correct.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correctly describes a function of the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
The somatic nervous system provides motor signals and conscious control to skeletal muscles.
Signup and view all the answers
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.
Signup and view all the answers
The peripheral nervous system may be divided into somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT true?
Signup and view all the answers
After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?
Signup and view all the answers
Each is part of the nervous system EXCEPT the:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
Signup and view all the answers
Action potentials allow an impulse to travel over long distances.
Signup and view all the answers
Electrical synapses occur when _____?
Signup and view all the answers
The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true of nerve impulse conduction?
Signup and view all the answers
In order for a neuron to regenerate.
Signup and view all the answers
Neuroglia (glial cells)
Signup and view all the answers
Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?
Signup and view all the answers
Select the correct statement regarding synapses.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is false or incorrect?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Graded Potentials and Neuron Function
- Graded potentials vary in amplitude due to changes in ion movement across membranes, occurring in dendrites or soma.
- Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) involve sodium and potassium ions across a single channel, causing short-distance depolarization.
- Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) lead to hyperpolarization of the neuron.
Neural Pathways and Anatomy
- Second-order neurons of ascending pathways terminate in the thalamus, which relays sensory information.
- The sacral plexus is formed by spinal nerves exiting from L4 to S4.
- Meninges are layered as follows: epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, and pia mater.
Nerve Cells and Their Functions
- The arbor vitae refers to the structure of cerebellar white matter.
- Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS are known as ganglia.
- Bipolar neurons are predominantly found in the retina.
- Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelination in the PNS and CNS, respectively.
Reflexes and Response Mechanisms
- Inborn reflexes occur involuntarily but can be modified through learning experiences.
- Reflex arcs follow the order: receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, and effector.
- Tendon reflex causes muscle relaxation in response to muscle tension.
Neurotransmitters and Signaling
- Acetylcholine is the main excitatory neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle activation.
- Acetylcholinesterase rapidly breaks down acetylcholine post-release.
- Sensory neurons initiate graded potentials known as generator potentials.
CNS and PNS Characteristics
- The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is divided into somatic, autonomic, and enteric systems.
- Astrocytes regulate chemical environments for neurons and buffer potassium levels.
- Most neurons are not mitotic and do not have multiple axons.
Action Potentials and Impulse Conduction
- Action potentials allow rapid impulse transmission over long distances and occur after specific ionic changes.
- Sodium channels open first during depolarization, followed by potassium channels for repolarization.
- Saltatory conduction, facilitated by myelin sheaths, increases conduction speed compared to continuous conduction.
Development and Injury Response
- Neuronal regeneration is possible in the peripheral nervous system if the cell body remains intact.
- Growth-inhibiting proteins in the oligodendrocytes prevent regeneration in the CNS.
Conditions Affecting Neurons
- Tremors, shuffling gait, and stooped posture are indicative of Parkinson's disease.
- Nociceptors specifically detect potentially damaging stimuli leading to pain sensations.
cerebrospinal Fluid and Nervous System Functions
- CSF plays key roles, but it does not initiate nerve impulses and should not contain red blood cells.
- Frequency of action potentials determines the perceived strength of stimuli.
Integration and Communication
- The neural integration process involves sensory detection, processing, and motor response formation.
- Electrical synapses enable rapid communication and synchronization through direct contact between cells.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these anatomy flashcards focused on key concepts relevant to Exam 3. Each card covers important definitions and descriptions such as graded potentials and neural pathways. Perfect for students preparing for their anatomy exams.