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Questions and Answers
Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?
Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?
- Membrane potential reversal
- Constant amplitude
- Amplitude of various sizes (correct)
- Action potential
Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________.
Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________.
thalamus
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________.
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________.
sacral plexus
Place the meninges and associated spaces in order from most superficial to deepest.
Place the meninges and associated spaces in order from most superficial to deepest.
The arbor vitae refers to ________.
The arbor vitae refers to ________.
At a chemical synapse, what describes the communication between two cells?
At a chemical synapse, what describes the communication between two cells?
Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________.
Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________.
Which of the following is NOT part of a reflex arc?
Which of the following is NOT part of a reflex arc?
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________.
Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________.
Graded potentials occur when ions move across a membrane in dendrites/the soma and cause a minor change in the resting membrane potential.
Graded potentials occur when ions move across a membrane in dendrites/the soma and cause a minor change in the resting membrane potential.
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.
Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________.
Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________.
Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?
Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?
The term central nervous system refers to the ________.
The term central nervous system refers to the ________.
White matter is found in all of the following locations except the ________.
White matter is found in all of the following locations except the ________.
Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?
Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?
Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the occurrence of a sensation?
Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the occurrence of a sensation?
In order for a neuron to regenerate, it must be in the peripheral nervous system.
In order for a neuron to regenerate, it must be in the peripheral nervous system.
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?
Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.
Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________.
Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________.
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?
Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) are ________.
Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) are ________.
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?
A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.
A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.
Each of the following is an amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter EXCEPT:
Each of the following is an amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter EXCEPT:
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
Which neuroglia cells produce myelin?
Which neuroglia cells produce myelin?
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.
Place the events involved in generating an action potential in the order in which they occur.
Place the events involved in generating an action potential in the order in which they occur.
Regeneration within the CNS ________.
Regeneration within the CNS ________.
Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?
Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?
Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential?
Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential?
Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?
If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.
If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment?
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment?
Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?
Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?
A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________.
A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________.
Which of the following is not a main level of neural integration in the somatosensory system?
Which of the following is not a main level of neural integration in the somatosensory system?
An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________.
An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________.
Axons classified as A fibers
Axons classified as A fibers
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?
Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.
Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.
Select the statement that is most correct.
Select the statement that is most correct.
What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?
What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?
Which of the following correctly describes a function of the nervous system?
Which of the following correctly describes a function of the nervous system?
The somatic nervous system provides motor signals and conscious control to skeletal muscles.
The somatic nervous system provides motor signals and conscious control to skeletal muscles.
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.
The peripheral nervous system may be divided into somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems.
The peripheral nervous system may be divided into somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems.
Which of the following is NOT true?
Which of the following is NOT true?
After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.
After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.
Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?
Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?
Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?
Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?
Each is part of the nervous system EXCEPT the:
Each is part of the nervous system EXCEPT the:
Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
Action potentials allow an impulse to travel over long distances.
Action potentials allow an impulse to travel over long distances.
Electrical synapses occur when _____?
Electrical synapses occur when _____?
The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.
The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.
Which of the following is true of nerve impulse conduction?
Which of the following is true of nerve impulse conduction?
In order for a neuron to regenerate.
In order for a neuron to regenerate.
Neuroglia (glial cells)
Neuroglia (glial cells)
Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.
Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?
Select the correct statement regarding synapses.
Select the correct statement regarding synapses.
Which of the following is false or incorrect?
Which of the following is false or incorrect?
Study Notes
Graded Potentials and Neuron Function
- Graded potentials vary in amplitude due to changes in ion movement across membranes, occurring in dendrites or soma.
- Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) involve sodium and potassium ions across a single channel, causing short-distance depolarization.
- Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) lead to hyperpolarization of the neuron.
Neural Pathways and Anatomy
- Second-order neurons of ascending pathways terminate in the thalamus, which relays sensory information.
- The sacral plexus is formed by spinal nerves exiting from L4 to S4.
- Meninges are layered as follows: epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, and pia mater.
Nerve Cells and Their Functions
- The arbor vitae refers to the structure of cerebellar white matter.
- Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS are known as ganglia.
- Bipolar neurons are predominantly found in the retina.
- Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelination in the PNS and CNS, respectively.
Reflexes and Response Mechanisms
- Inborn reflexes occur involuntarily but can be modified through learning experiences.
- Reflex arcs follow the order: receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, and effector.
- Tendon reflex causes muscle relaxation in response to muscle tension.
Neurotransmitters and Signaling
- Acetylcholine is the main excitatory neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle activation.
- Acetylcholinesterase rapidly breaks down acetylcholine post-release.
- Sensory neurons initiate graded potentials known as generator potentials.
CNS and PNS Characteristics
- The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is divided into somatic, autonomic, and enteric systems.
- Astrocytes regulate chemical environments for neurons and buffer potassium levels.
- Most neurons are not mitotic and do not have multiple axons.
Action Potentials and Impulse Conduction
- Action potentials allow rapid impulse transmission over long distances and occur after specific ionic changes.
- Sodium channels open first during depolarization, followed by potassium channels for repolarization.
- Saltatory conduction, facilitated by myelin sheaths, increases conduction speed compared to continuous conduction.
Development and Injury Response
- Neuronal regeneration is possible in the peripheral nervous system if the cell body remains intact.
- Growth-inhibiting proteins in the oligodendrocytes prevent regeneration in the CNS.
Conditions Affecting Neurons
- Tremors, shuffling gait, and stooped posture are indicative of Parkinson's disease.
- Nociceptors specifically detect potentially damaging stimuli leading to pain sensations.
cerebrospinal Fluid and Nervous System Functions
- CSF plays key roles, but it does not initiate nerve impulses and should not contain red blood cells.
- Frequency of action potentials determines the perceived strength of stimuli.
Integration and Communication
- The neural integration process involves sensory detection, processing, and motor response formation.
- Electrical synapses enable rapid communication and synchronization through direct contact between cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these anatomy flashcards focused on key concepts relevant to Exam 3. Each card covers important definitions and descriptions such as graded potentials and neural pathways. Perfect for students preparing for their anatomy exams.
