177 Questions
Which antibody class is found in body fluids and helps protect against infections?
IgA
Which antibody class is involved in allergic reactions?
IgE
Which antibody class is the most common and provides long-term protection against infections?
IgG
Which antibody class is the first to be produced in response to an infection?
IgM
Which antibody class is found on the surface of B cells and helps activate them?
IgD
Which cells primarily present exogenous antigens to helper T cells?
Macrophages
Where do B cells develop and undergo selection to ensure self-tolerance?
Bone marrow
Which cells secrete defensive immunoglobulins (Igs) and memory antibodies?
Plasma cells
Which type of immunity utilizes antibodies produced by B cells to tag antigens for destruction?
Humoral immunity
What distinguishes immunity from nonspecific resistance?
Specificity and memory
Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?
Enhancing nonspecific resistance
Which type of immunity involves B cells mediated by antibodies that destroy pathogens?
Humoral immunity
What characterizes natural passive immunity?
Mother to fetus transfer
Which class of antibodies is produced by the body upon exposure to a pathogen?
Natural active antibodies
What type of immunity involves making its own antibodies that last forever?
Natural active immunity
What is the main function of cytotoxic T cells in cellular immunity?
Recognizing endogenous antigens presented on MHC class I molecules
Which type of T cell is responsible for memory in cellular immunity?
Memory T cells (TM)
Where are MHC class I molecules primarily found?
On the surface of all nucleated cells
What is the process of antigen presentation involving APCs and T cells?
Processing an antigen, migrating to the nearest lymph node to present it to T cells, and T cell activation through binding to MHC displaying an epitope
In cellular immunity, what triggers cytotoxic T cells (TC cells) to become activated?
Recognition of endogenous antigens presented on MHC class I molecules
Where do B cells mature?
Red bone marrow
Which one of the following is NOT an effector cell in the immune system?
Memory cells
What is the primary target of humoral immunity?
Bacteria
Which cells produce antibodies in the immune response?
Plasma cells
What is the function of B cells in adaptive immunity?
Antibody production
Which type of immunity involves B cells and the production of antibodies?
Humoral immunity
Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies in response to an antigen?
Plasma cells
Which class of antibodies is involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites?
IgE
What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?
Antibody production
Which type of immunity involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another?
Passive immunity
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
Engulf and destroy bacteria through phagocytosis
Which white blood cell type is essential for fighting off bacterial infections?
Neutrophils
Which white blood cell type releases histamine in the inflammatory response?
Basophils
What is the role of eosinophils in the immune response?
Secrete toxic substances to combat parasitic infections
Which type of white blood cell plays a role in allergic reactions?
Basophils
What is the primary function of antibodies produced by plasma cells?
Provide specific immunity against pathogens.
What is the main role of B cells in humoral immunity?
Produce antibodies against specific antigens.
What distinguishes different antibody classes from each other?
Their structure and function.
What is the main function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
Engulfing and destroying bacteria through phagocytosis
Which white blood cell type plays a role in combating parasitic infections?
Eosinophils
What is the primary role of basophils in the body's inflammatory response?
Releasing histamine to aid in inflammation
Which process involves white blood cells engulfing and destroying bacteria?
Phagocytosis
Which white blood cell type floods the area of infection to complete the inflammatory process?
Neutrophils
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens in the immune response?
Monocytes
What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?
Release histamine and other inflammatory mediators
Which white blood cell is known for its role in combating parasitic infections and allergic reactions?
Neutrophils
In the immune system, which cells are primarily responsible for destroying infected cells and tumor cells?
Natural killer cells
What distinguishes eosinophils from neutrophils, basophils, and monocytes in the immune system?
Their specialized response to parasites and allergies
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?
Engulfing and digesting foreign particles
Which of the following white blood cells releases histamine in the inflammatory response?
Basophils
What distinguishes eosinophils from other phagocytic cells like neutrophils and macrophages?
Playing a role in allergic reactions
Which white blood cell type can differentiate into macrophages, contributing to the body's immune response?
Monocytes
What is the main process that macrophages, derived from monocytes, are involved in during the immune response?
Engulfing and digesting cellular debris
Which type of white blood cell releases histamine and is involved in allergic reactions?
Basophils
Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens through phagocytosis?
Neutrophils
Which white blood cell is primarily responsible for phagocytosis and clearing pathogens from the body?
Neutrophils
Which white blood cell type is associated with defense against parasites and allergic reactions?
Eosinophils
Among the listed white blood cells, which one releases histamine and plays a role in allergic reactions?
Basophils
Which type of white blood cell is essential for defense against parasites and plays a role in allergic reactions?
Eosinophils
Among white blood cells, which type is known for its role in presenting antigens to T cells?
Monocytes
Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for engulfing and destroying bacteria through phagocytosis?
Neutrophils
Among the listed white blood cells, which one is known for its role in presenting antigens to T cells and acting as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Monocytes
Which white blood cell plays a crucial role in engulfing and digesting cellular debris and pathogens through phagocytosis?
Monocytes
Which type of white blood cell is associated with combating parasitic infections and modulating allergic responses?
Eosinophils
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for releasing histamine and heparin in response to allergic reactions or inflammation?
Basophils
Which one of the following white blood cell types is primarily responsible for fighting off bacterial infections and promoting inflammation through phagocytosis?
Neutrophils
Which type of white blood cell is known for differentiating into macrophages that engulf pathogens and cellular debris as part of the immune response?
Monocytes
Which process involves the ingestion and destruction of pathogens or debris by white blood cells like neutrophils and macrophages?
Phagocytosis
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?
Engage in phagocytosis to engulf pathogens
Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for combatting parasitic infections?
Eosinophils
What is the main function of basophils in the immune system?
Promote inflammation
In the immune response, which cell type is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells for activation?
Dendritic cells
Which white blood cell is known for its role in wound healing and tissue repair?
Monocytes
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune system?
Combat parasitic infections through toxic granule release
Where do T cells mature in the body?
Thymus
What is the role of regulatory T cells in the immune system?
Prevent the immune system from overreacting
How do Reticuloendothelial (RE) cells in the thymus test T cells?
By presenting self-antigens
Which cell type is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells for activation?
Dendritic cells
In the context of HIV/AIDS, which cell type is directly affected by the virus, leading to a weakened immune response?
Helper T cells
What is the primary role of cytotoxic T (TC) cells in cellular immunity?
Recognizing and killing infected cells
Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells for activation?
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
In the context of cellular immunity, what is the function of regulatory T (TR) cells?
Suppressing immune responses to prevent self-attack
Which process involves the migration of APCs to present antigens to T cells in lymph nodes?
Chemotaxis
In the context of hypersensitivity reactions, which type of response characterizes a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction?
Type IV - Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions
What is the primary function of T cells in the immune response?
Recognizing and killing infected cells
Which type of white blood cell primarily presents exogenous antigens to helper T cells?
B cells
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for presenting antigens to T cells and acting as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Monocytes
What is the main function of cytotoxic T cells in cellular immunity?
Killing infected host cells
In hypersensitivity reactions, which type of response is characterized by an overreaction of the immune system to harmless antigens?
Type I hypersensitivity
In hypersensitivity reactions, which type of T cells is primarily involved in promoting inflammatory responses?
Helper T cells
During HIV/AIDS infection, which component of the immune system is specifically targeted and depleted by the virus?
T cells
What is the primary function of T cells in cellular immunity?
Directly attack and destroy foreign or diseased host cells
Which cells are primarily responsible for memory in cellular immunity?
Memory T cells
How do dendritic cells contribute to the immune response against foreign invaders?
Presenting antigens to T cells
Which type of immune response involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells to combat infected cells, as seen in infections like HIV/AIDS?
Cellular immunity involving T cells
What effect does HIV/AIDS have on the immune system with regard to T cell function?
Decreases helper T cell count
In the context of immune responses, what is the main function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Present antigens to activate other immune cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions mediated by T cells?
Delayed inflammatory reactions
How do HIV/AIDS affect the immune system primarily?
By attacking and destroying helper T cells
What is the primary difference between Type IV hypersensitivity reactions and other types?
Type IV does not involve antibodies, unlike other types.
Which characteristic best describes autoimmune diseases?
They occur due to the immune system attacking self-antigens.
In HIV/AIDS, how is the virus primarily transmitted?
Via contact with infected blood or bodily fluids.
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Cytotoxic response against specific cells.
What distinguishes SCID from AIDS in terms of immune response deficiency?
SCID results from scarce B & T cells, while AIDS involves no production of antibodies.
Which type of white blood cell is known for engulfing and destroying bacteria through phagocytosis in the immune response?
Neutrophils
What is the primary role of basophils in the body's inflammatory response?
Releasing histamine
Which white blood cell type primarily floods the area of infection to complete the inflammatory process?
Macrophages
In the context of HIV/AIDS, which cell type is directly affected by the virus, leading to a weakened immune response?
T cells
What differentiates eosinophils from neutrophils and basophils in their immune functions?
Combating parasites
Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens in the immune response?
Macrophages
What is the primary function of regulatory T cells in the immune system?
Suppressing immune responses
Which white blood cell releases histamine and attracts other immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation?
Eosinophils
Match the following antibody classes with their primary functions:
IgG = Most common antibody in blood; provides long-term protection against infections IgM = First antibody produced in response to an infection; activates complement system IgA = Found in mucosal areas like saliva and tears; provides defense against pathogens at mucosal surfaces IgE = Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites
Match the following characteristics with the corresponding antibody class:
Crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity to newborns = IgG Exists as a pentamer structure in blood = IgM Secreted in mucosal areas like the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts = IgA Triggers histamine release in allergic reactions = IgE
Match the following functions with the corresponding antibody class:
Activates the complement system = IgM Provides long-term protection against infections = IgG Defense against pathogens at mucosal surfaces = IgA Involved in allergic reactions = IgE
Match the following antibody classes with their locations in the body:
Saliva and tears = IgA Blood circulation = IgG Respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts = IgA Involved in allergic reactions = IgE
Match the following descriptions with the corresponding antibody class:
Most common type of antibody found in blood = IgG First antibody produced during an infection = IgM Associated with mucosal immunity = IgA Involved in hypersensitivity reactions and parasite defense = IgE
Match the following antibody class with their characteristics:
IgG = Most abundant antibody in the blood; provides long-term protection against infections IgA = Found in mucosal areas like saliva and tears; provides defense against pathogens at mucosal surfaces IgM = First antibody to be produced in response to an infection; pentameric structure enhances agglutination IgE = Involved in allergic reactions; triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils
Match the following statements with the type of immunity they describe:
Active immunity: the body makes its own antibodies; forever = Artificial passive immunity: acquired from another source; temporary Natural active immunity: acquired through exposure to a pathogen = Artificial active immunity: induced through vaccination or exposure to a pathogen Natural passive immunity: transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus via placenta, or milk to infant = Artificial passive immunity: injection of someone else's antibodies for temporary protection
Match the following cell types with their roles in humoral immunity:
B lymphocytes = Mediated by antibodies that destroy pathogens and work against extracellular infectious microorganisms T lymphocytes = Directly attack and destroy foreign or diseased host cells inside human cells
Match the following terms with their descriptions about antigen presentation:
Antigens = Trigger immune responses Epitopes = Specific regions that stimulate immune responses
Match the following immune system classes with their characteristics:
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity = T cells directly attack and destroy foreign or diseased host cells inside human cells Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity = B cells mediated by antibodies that destroy pathogens and work against the extracellular stage of infectious microorganisms
Match the antibody class with its primary function:
IgA = Found in body fluids and helps protect against infections IgD = Found on the surface of B cells and helps activate them IgE = Involved in allergic reactions IgG = Provides long-term protection against infections
Match the antibody class with its characteristics:
IgM = The first antibody produced in response to an infection IgG = The most common antibody IgA = Protects against infections and found in body fluids IgE = Involved in allergic reactions
Match the hypersensitivity type with its characteristics:
Type I (Acute) = Common allergies, IgE mediated Type II (Sub-acute) = Cytotoxic response, antibodies bind to specific cells Type III (Sub-acute) = Immune complexes cause intense inflammation & tissue destruction Type IV (Delayed) = APCs activate TH cells, no antibodies involved
Match the autoimmune disease with its description:
Rheumatoid arthritis = Autoimmune disease affecting joints Multiple sclerosis = Autoimmune disease affecting the nervous system Type I diabetes mellitus = Autoimmune disease affecting insulin production Systemic lupus erythematosus = Autoimmune disease causing systemic inflammation
Match the immunodeficiency disease with its characteristics:
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) = Caused by scarce or absent B & T cells Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) = Viral infection of the immune system caused by HIV HIV/AIDS Transmission & Symptoms = Occurs through transfer of bodily fluids, early and late symptoms described HIV/AIDS Treatment & Prevention = FDA-approved drugs suppress the virus, but do not cure HIV or AIDS
Match the antibody class with its primary location in the body:
IgA = Found in body secretions such as saliva and tears IgM = First antibody produced during an immune response IgE = Involved in allergic reactions IgG = Most abundant antibody class in the bloodstream
Match the antibody characteristic with its function:
Neutralizing antibodies = Bind to toxins and viruses to prevent them from interacting with cells Opsonizing antibodies = Enhance phagocytosis by marking pathogens for destruction by immune cells Precipitating antibodies = Cause antigens to clump together for easier recognition by immune cells Agglutinating antibodies = Bind to multiple pathogens to clump them together for easier phagocytosis
Match the antibody class with its role in immunity:
IgM = First line of defense during a primary immune response IgG = Provides long-term protection against infections and crosses the placenta to protect the fetus IgE = Triggers allergic reactions and defends against parasitic infections IgA = Protects mucosal surfaces and prevents pathogens from entering the body
Match the antibody class with its function in immunity:
IgG = Enhances phagocytosis and neutralizes pathogens IgA = Prevents pathogens from adhering to mucosal surfaces and blocks their entry into tissues IgM = Activates the complement system and agglutinates pathogens IgE = Triggers allergic responses and defends against parasites
Match the antibody characteristic with its role in immunity:
Primary response antibodies = Produced during the initial encounter with an antigen Secondary response antibodies = Rapidly produced upon re-exposure to a previously encountered antigen Memory antibodies = Provide faster and stronger immune responses upon re-infection Specific antibodies = Target particular antigens for destruction by the immune system
What is the role of Regulatory T cells in the immune system?
Helps the immune system not overreact
What are the primary targets of Cellular Immunity (CI)?
Intracellular pathogens (virus)
Where do T cells mature before they are deployed to the lymphatic organs?
Thymus
What is the main process that occurs in the University of the Thymus to prepare T cells for immune responses?
Thymosins stimulate maturing T cells to develop surface antigen receptors
What percentage of T cells that reach the thymus leave as immunocompetent T cells?
2%
What are the two ways that T cells can fail the test presented by reticuloendothelial cells in the thymus?
Inability to recognize the RE cells, especially their MHC antigens, or reacting to the self-antigen.
Explain the life history stages of T cells in the body before they become immunocompetent.
Born in the red bone marrow, go to school in the thymus, and are deployed to the lymphatic organs.
What percentage of T cells that reach the thymus leave as immunocompetent T cells?
2%
Differentiate between SCID and AIDS in terms of immune response deficiency.
SCID is a severe combined immunodeficiency where both humoral and cellular immunity are compromised, whereas AIDS primarily affects cellular immunity.
What distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity reactions from other types?
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions that occur hours to days after exposure, unlike the immediate reactions seen in other types.
What distinguishes autoimmune diseases from immunodeficiency diseases?
Autoimmune diseases involve the immune system attacking self antigens, while immunodeficiency diseases involve a weakened immune system unable to fight off pathogens effectively.
Explain the difference between hypersensitivity reactions of Type I and Type IV.
Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate and involve IgE antibodies, leading to allergic responses. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are delayed and involve T cells, causing inflammation.
What distinguishes SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) from HIV/AIDS in terms of immune response deficiency?
SCID is a genetic disorder resulting in a lack of functional T and B cells, leading to severe immunodeficiency from birth. HIV/AIDS is a viral infection that specifically targets and destroys CD4 T cells, weakening the immune response over time.
What is the primary characteristic feature of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve the binding of antibodies to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction.
Explain the difference between immunodeficiency diseases and hypersensitivity reactions.
Immunodeficiency diseases involve a weakened immune system that cannot adequately protect the body from infections, while hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated responses of the immune system to harmless antigens.
Explain the difference between Type I (Acute) and Type III (Sub-acute) hypersensitivity reactions.
Type I hypersensitivity is IgE mediated and involves basophils/mast cells releasing histamine, while Type III hypersensitivity is IgG or IgM mediated and causes intense inflammation & tissue destruction by immune complexes.
Describe the characteristics and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Autoimmune diseases result from the immune system reacting to self-antigens, leading to over 80 conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Treatment varies depending on the affected tissues and often involves immunosuppressive therapy.
What distinguishes Type IV (Delayed) hypersensitivity reactions from other types of hypersensitivity?
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions do not involve antibodies; instead, antigen-presenting cells activate T helper cells which then activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
Discuss the characteristics and impact of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
SCID is a genetic disorder where individuals lack functional B and T cells, leading to severe immunodeficiency. AIDS, caused by HIV, targets the immune system, specifically depleting CD4 T cells, and can result in opportunistic infections and long-term health complications.
Explain the transmission, symptoms, and treatment options for HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS is transmitted through bodily fluids, initially presents flu-like symptoms, and can progress to severe weight loss, fatigue, and opportunistic infections. Current treatment focuses on antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and prolong life expectancy.
Explain the difference between SCID and AIDS in terms of immune response deficiency.
SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) is a genetic disorder where both T and B cells are affected, leading to a lack of immune response. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV, which specifically targets and destroys CD4 T cells, weakening the immune system.
Describe the primary mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing of needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
Explain the role of cytotoxic T cells in combating infections like HIV/AIDS.
Cytotoxic T cells are activated to target and destroy infected cells, particularly those infected with viruses like HIV. This helps eliminate the source of the infection and control its spread.
Discuss the involvement of hypersensitivity reactions in promoting inflammatory responses.
Hypersensitivity reactions involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless antigens, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Certain types of T cells, particularly T helper cells, play a key role in promoting these inflammatory responses.
Explain the difference between autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiency diseases.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, tissues, or organs, leading to inflammation and damage. Immunodeficiency diseases, on the other hand, result in a weakened or absent immune response, making individuals more susceptible to infections.
______ are white blood cells that play a role in combating parasitic infections and are also involved in allergic reactions.
Eosinophils
Neutrophils work by engulfing and destroying bacteria through a process called ______.
phagocytosis
Basophils are a type of white blood cell that releases histamine, a compound involved in the body's ______ response.
inflammatory
______ are highly mobile and are among the first responders to sites of infection or tissue damage.
Neutrophils
______ are essential for fighting off bacterial infections.
Neutrophils
________ are a type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils and macrophages are the main types of __________ involved in phagocytosis
phagocytes
Chemical signals released by injured tissues attract __________ to the site of infection
phagocytes
________ is a crucial process in the body's immune response, particularly in the second line of defense
Phagocytosis
________ cells engulf and digest foreign particles like bacteria in the body's immune response
Phagocytes
_____ cells are responsible for releasing histamine and heparin in response to allergic reactions or inflammation
Basophils
During an infection, the body may induce ______ as a defense mechanism to help combat pathogens
fever
_______ are white blood cells that play a crucial role in engulfing and digesting pathogens in the immune response
Neutrophils
______ are known for their role in wound healing and tissue repair as part of the immune response
Macrophages
_______ cells are responsible for destroying infected cells and tumor cells in the immune system
Natural Killer
The innate defenses include intact skin with an intact highly effective physical barrier and intact mucous membranes acting as a sticky, mucous barrier with various protective components such as nasal hairs, mucus, cilia, gastric juice, acid mantle of the vagina, tears, saliva, and urine, all contributing to immune protection. Neutrophils are a key part of the innate defense, as are eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes, which are referred to as ______ and have essential roles in the immune response.
phagocytes
Macrophages, which can be free and fixed, and their opsonization ______ are also integral components of the innate defenses.
phagocytosis
The second line of defense includes antimicrobial proteins like interferons, which can save neighboring cells when defense is being breached by a pathogen. Antimicrobial proteins such as complement and ______ help police the body for any anomalies and turn infected cells into virus factories.
natural killer cells
Fever is part of the inflammatory response and serves to prevent the spread of harmful agents, dispose of cellular debris, and alert the adaptive immune system, while also setting the stage for repair. The 4 cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and potentially the loss of ______.
function
The immune system is a functional system with two arms that work together to monitor and protect, including the innate or non-specific and adaptive or specific defenses. The innate defenses include intact skin with an intact highly effective physical barrier and intact mucous membranes acting as a sticky, mucous barrier with various protective components. Neutrophils are a key part of the innate defense, as are eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes, which are referred to as phagocytes. Macrophages, which can be free and fixed, and their opsonization phagocytosis are also integral components of the innate defenses. The second line of defense includes antimicrobial proteins like interferons, which can save neighboring cells when defense is being breached by a pathogen. Antimicrobial proteins such as complement and natural killer cells help police the body for any anomalies and turn infected cells into virus factories. Fever is part of the inflammatory response and serves to prevent the spread of harmful agents, dispose of cellular debris, and alert the adaptive immune system, while also setting the stage for repair. The 4 cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, ______, and potentially the loss of function.
pain
Explore the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system, including the physical barriers and protective components. Test your knowledge on the two arms of the immune system - innate and adaptive defenses.
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