Anatomy Exam 2 Ch. 21B: Immune System Defenses

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Which antibody class is found in body fluids and helps protect against infections?

IgA (correct)

IgE

IgD

IgG

Which antibody class is involved in allergic reactions?

IgE (correct)

IgG

IgM

IgD

Which antibody class is the most common and provides long-term protection against infections?

IgA

IgM

IgG (correct)

IgD

Which antibody class is the first to be produced in response to an infection?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody class is found on the surface of B cells and helps activate them?

IgD Signup and view all the answers

Which cells primarily present exogenous antigens to helper T cells?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Where do B cells develop and undergo selection to ensure self-tolerance?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which cells secrete defensive immunoglobulins (Igs) and memory antibodies?

Plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity utilizes antibodies produced by B cells to tag antigens for destruction?

Humoral immunity Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes immunity from nonspecific resistance?

Specificity and memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?

Enhancing nonspecific resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves B cells mediated by antibodies that destroy pathogens?

Humoral immunity Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes natural passive immunity?

Mother to fetus transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibodies is produced by the body upon exposure to a pathogen?

Natural active antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity involves making its own antibodies that last forever?

Natural active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cytotoxic T cells in cellular immunity?

Recognizing endogenous antigens presented on MHC class I molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cell is responsible for memory in cellular immunity?

Memory T cells (TM) Signup and view all the answers

Where are MHC class I molecules primarily found?

On the surface of all nucleated cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of antigen presentation involving APCs and T cells?

Processing an antigen, migrating to the nearest lymph node to present it to T cells, and T cell activation through binding to MHC displaying an epitope Signup and view all the answers

In cellular immunity, what triggers cytotoxic T cells (TC cells) to become activated?

Recognition of endogenous antigens presented on MHC class I molecules Signup and view all the answers

Where do B cells mature?

Red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT an effector cell in the immune system?

Memory cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of humoral immunity?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which cells produce antibodies in the immune response?

Plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of B cells in adaptive immunity?

Antibody production Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves B cells and the production of antibodies?

Humoral immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies in response to an antigen?

Plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibodies is involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites?

IgE Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?

Antibody production Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another?

Passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

Engulf and destroy bacteria through phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type is essential for fighting off bacterial infections?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type releases histamine in the inflammatory response?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of eosinophils in the immune response?

Secrete toxic substances to combat parasitic infections Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell plays a role in allergic reactions?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antibodies produced by plasma cells?

Provide specific immunity against pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of B cells in humoral immunity?

Produce antibodies against specific antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes different antibody classes from each other?

Their structure and function. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

Engulfing and destroying bacteria through phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type plays a role in combating parasitic infections?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of basophils in the body's inflammatory response?

Releasing histamine to aid in inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves white blood cells engulfing and destroying bacteria?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type floods the area of infection to complete the inflammatory process?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens in the immune response?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?

Release histamine and other inflammatory mediators Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell is known for its role in combating parasitic infections and allergic reactions?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

In the immune system, which cells are primarily responsible for destroying infected cells and tumor cells?

Natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eosinophils from neutrophils, basophils, and monocytes in the immune system?

Their specialized response to parasites and allergies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?

Engulfing and digesting foreign particles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following white blood cells releases histamine in the inflammatory response?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eosinophils from other phagocytic cells like neutrophils and macrophages?

Playing a role in allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type can differentiate into macrophages, contributing to the body's immune response?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process that macrophages, derived from monocytes, are involved in during the immune response?

Engulfing and digesting cellular debris Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell releases histamine and is involved in allergic reactions?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens through phagocytosis?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell is primarily responsible for phagocytosis and clearing pathogens from the body?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type is associated with defense against parasites and allergic reactions?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

Among the listed white blood cells, which one releases histamine and plays a role in allergic reactions?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is essential for defense against parasites and plays a role in allergic reactions?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

Among white blood cells, which type is known for its role in presenting antigens to T cells?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for engulfing and destroying bacteria through phagocytosis?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Among the listed white blood cells, which one is known for its role in presenting antigens to T cells and acting as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell plays a crucial role in engulfing and digesting cellular debris and pathogens through phagocytosis?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is associated with combating parasitic infections and modulating allergic responses?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is responsible for releasing histamine and heparin in response to allergic reactions or inflammation?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following white blood cell types is primarily responsible for fighting off bacterial infections and promoting inflammation through phagocytosis?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is known for differentiating into macrophages that engulf pathogens and cellular debris as part of the immune response?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the ingestion and destruction of pathogens or debris by white blood cells like neutrophils and macrophages?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?

Engage in phagocytosis to engulf pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for combatting parasitic infections?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of basophils in the immune system?

Promote inflammation Signup and view all the answers

In the immune response, which cell type is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells for activation?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell is known for its role in wound healing and tissue repair?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune system?

Combat parasitic infections through toxic granule release Signup and view all the answers

Where do T cells mature in the body?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regulatory T cells in the immune system?

Prevent the immune system from overreacting Signup and view all the answers

How do Reticuloendothelial (RE) cells in the thymus test T cells?

By presenting self-antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells for activation?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

In the context of HIV/AIDS, which cell type is directly affected by the virus, leading to a weakened immune response?

Helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cytotoxic T (TC) cells in cellular immunity?

Recognizing and killing infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells for activation?

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cellular immunity, what is the function of regulatory T (TR) cells?

Suppressing immune responses to prevent self-attack Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the migration of APCs to present antigens to T cells in lymph nodes?

Chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

In the context of hypersensitivity reactions, which type of response characterizes a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction?

Type IV - Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T cells in the immune response?

Recognizing and killing infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell primarily presents exogenous antigens to helper T cells?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is responsible for presenting antigens to T cells and acting as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cytotoxic T cells in cellular immunity?

Killing infected host cells Signup and view all the answers

In hypersensitivity reactions, which type of response is characterized by an overreaction of the immune system to harmless antigens?

Type I hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

In hypersensitivity reactions, which type of T cells is primarily involved in promoting inflammatory responses?

Helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

During HIV/AIDS infection, which component of the immune system is specifically targeted and depleted by the virus?

T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T cells in cellular immunity?

Directly attack and destroy foreign or diseased host cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for memory in cellular immunity?

Memory T cells Signup and view all the answers

How do dendritic cells contribute to the immune response against foreign invaders?

Presenting antigens to T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells to combat infected cells, as seen in infections like HIV/AIDS?

Cellular immunity involving T cells Signup and view all the answers

What effect does HIV/AIDS have on the immune system with regard to T cell function?

Decreases helper T cell count Signup and view all the answers

In the context of immune responses, what is the main function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Present antigens to activate other immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions mediated by T cells?

Delayed inflammatory reactions Signup and view all the answers

How do HIV/AIDS affect the immune system primarily?

By attacking and destroying helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Type IV hypersensitivity reactions and other types?

Type IV does not involve antibodies, unlike other types. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes autoimmune diseases?

They occur due to the immune system attacking self-antigens. Signup and view all the answers

In HIV/AIDS, how is the virus primarily transmitted?

Via contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

Cytotoxic response against specific cells. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes SCID from AIDS in terms of immune response deficiency?

SCID results from scarce B & T cells, while AIDS involves no production of antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is known for engulfing and destroying bacteria through phagocytosis in the immune response?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of basophils in the body's inflammatory response?

Releasing histamine Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type primarily floods the area of infection to complete the inflammatory process?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

In the context of HIV/AIDS, which cell type is directly affected by the virus, leading to a weakened immune response?

T cells Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates eosinophils from neutrophils and basophils in their immune functions?

Combating parasites Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens in the immune response?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of regulatory T cells in the immune system?

Suppressing immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell releases histamine and attracts other immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antibody classes with their primary functions:

IgG = Most common antibody in blood; provides long-term protection against infections IgM = First antibody produced in response to an infection; activates complement system IgA = Found in mucosal areas like saliva and tears; provides defense against pathogens at mucosal surfaces IgE = Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the corresponding antibody class:

Crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity to newborns = IgG Exists as a pentamer structure in blood = IgM Secreted in mucosal areas like the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts = IgA Triggers histamine release in allergic reactions = IgE Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions with the corresponding antibody class:

Activates the complement system = IgM Provides long-term protection against infections = IgG Defense against pathogens at mucosal surfaces = IgA Involved in allergic reactions = IgE Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antibody classes with their locations in the body:

Saliva and tears = IgA Blood circulation = IgG Respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts = IgA Involved in allergic reactions = IgE Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the corresponding antibody class:

Most common type of antibody found in blood = IgG First antibody produced during an infection = IgM Associated with mucosal immunity = IgA Involved in hypersensitivity reactions and parasite defense = IgE Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antibody class with their characteristics:

IgG = Most abundant antibody in the blood; provides long-term protection against infections IgA = Found in mucosal areas like saliva and tears; provides defense against pathogens at mucosal surfaces IgM = First antibody to be produced in response to an infection; pentameric structure enhances agglutination IgE = Involved in allergic reactions; triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the type of immunity they describe:

Active immunity: the body makes its own antibodies; forever = Artificial passive immunity: acquired from another source; temporary Natural active immunity: acquired through exposure to a pathogen = Artificial active immunity: induced through vaccination or exposure to a pathogen Natural passive immunity: transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus via placenta, or milk to infant = Artificial passive immunity: injection of someone else's antibodies for temporary protection Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell types with their roles in humoral immunity:

B lymphocytes = Mediated by antibodies that destroy pathogens and work against extracellular infectious microorganisms T lymphocytes = Directly attack and destroy foreign or diseased host cells inside human cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions about antigen presentation:

Antigens = Trigger immune responses Epitopes = Specific regions that stimulate immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system classes with their characteristics:

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity = T cells directly attack and destroy foreign or diseased host cells inside human cells Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity = B cells mediated by antibodies that destroy pathogens and work against the extracellular stage of infectious microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibody class with its primary function:

IgA = Found in body fluids and helps protect against infections IgD = Found on the surface of B cells and helps activate them IgE = Involved in allergic reactions IgG = Provides long-term protection against infections Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibody class with its characteristics:

IgM = The first antibody produced in response to an infection IgG = The most common antibody IgA = Protects against infections and found in body fluids IgE = Involved in allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

Match the hypersensitivity type with its characteristics:

Type I (Acute) = Common allergies, IgE mediated Type II (Sub-acute) = Cytotoxic response, antibodies bind to specific cells Type III (Sub-acute) = Immune complexes cause intense inflammation & tissue destruction Type IV (Delayed) = APCs activate TH cells, no antibodies involved Signup and view all the answers

Match the autoimmune disease with its description:

Rheumatoid arthritis = Autoimmune disease affecting joints Multiple sclerosis = Autoimmune disease affecting the nervous system Type I diabetes mellitus = Autoimmune disease affecting insulin production Systemic lupus erythematosus = Autoimmune disease causing systemic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Match the immunodeficiency disease with its characteristics:

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) = Caused by scarce or absent B & T cells Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) = Viral infection of the immune system caused by HIV HIV/AIDS Transmission & Symptoms = Occurs through transfer of bodily fluids, early and late symptoms described HIV/AIDS Treatment & Prevention = FDA-approved drugs suppress the virus, but do not cure HIV or AIDS Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibody class with its primary location in the body:

IgA = Found in body secretions such as saliva and tears IgM = First antibody produced during an immune response IgE = Involved in allergic reactions IgG = Most abundant antibody class in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibody characteristic with its function:

Neutralizing antibodies = Bind to toxins and viruses to prevent them from interacting with cells Opsonizing antibodies = Enhance phagocytosis by marking pathogens for destruction by immune cells Precipitating antibodies = Cause antigens to clump together for easier recognition by immune cells Agglutinating antibodies = Bind to multiple pathogens to clump them together for easier phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibody class with its role in immunity:

IgM = First line of defense during a primary immune response IgG = Provides long-term protection against infections and crosses the placenta to protect the fetus IgE = Triggers allergic reactions and defends against parasitic infections IgA = Protects mucosal surfaces and prevents pathogens from entering the body Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibody class with its function in immunity:

IgG = Enhances phagocytosis and neutralizes pathogens IgA = Prevents pathogens from adhering to mucosal surfaces and blocks their entry into tissues IgM = Activates the complement system and agglutinates pathogens IgE = Triggers allergic responses and defends against parasites Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibody characteristic with its role in immunity:

Primary response antibodies = Produced during the initial encounter with an antigen Secondary response antibodies = Rapidly produced upon re-exposure to a previously encountered antigen Memory antibodies = Provide faster and stronger immune responses upon re-infection Specific antibodies = Target particular antigens for destruction by the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Regulatory T cells in the immune system?

Helps the immune system not overreact Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary targets of Cellular Immunity (CI)?

Intracellular pathogens (virus) Signup and view all the answers

Where do T cells mature before they are deployed to the lymphatic organs?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process that occurs in the University of the Thymus to prepare T cells for immune responses?

Thymosins stimulate maturing T cells to develop surface antigen receptors Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of T cells that reach the thymus leave as immunocompetent T cells?

2% Signup and view all the answers

What are the two ways that T cells can fail the test presented by reticuloendothelial cells in the thymus?

Inability to recognize the RE cells, especially their MHC antigens, or reacting to the self-antigen. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the life history stages of T cells in the body before they become immunocompetent.

Born in the red bone marrow, go to school in the thymus, and are deployed to the lymphatic organs. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of T cells that reach the thymus leave as immunocompetent T cells?

2% Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between SCID and AIDS in terms of immune response deficiency.

SCID is a severe combined immunodeficiency where both humoral and cellular immunity are compromised, whereas AIDS primarily affects cellular immunity. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity reactions from other types?

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions that occur hours to days after exposure, unlike the immediate reactions seen in other types. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes autoimmune diseases from immunodeficiency diseases?

Autoimmune diseases involve the immune system attacking self antigens, while immunodeficiency diseases involve a weakened immune system unable to fight off pathogens effectively. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between hypersensitivity reactions of Type I and Type IV.

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate and involve IgE antibodies, leading to allergic responses. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are delayed and involve T cells, causing inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) from HIV/AIDS in terms of immune response deficiency?

SCID is a genetic disorder resulting in a lack of functional T and B cells, leading to severe immunodeficiency from birth. HIV/AIDS is a viral infection that specifically targets and destroys CD4 T cells, weakening the immune response over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic feature of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve the binding of antibodies to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between immunodeficiency diseases and hypersensitivity reactions.

Immunodeficiency diseases involve a weakened immune system that cannot adequately protect the body from infections, while hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated responses of the immune system to harmless antigens. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between Type I (Acute) and Type III (Sub-acute) hypersensitivity reactions.

Type I hypersensitivity is IgE mediated and involves basophils/mast cells releasing histamine, while Type III hypersensitivity is IgG or IgM mediated and causes intense inflammation & tissue destruction by immune complexes. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the characteristics and treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Autoimmune diseases result from the immune system reacting to self-antigens, leading to over 80 conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Treatment varies depending on the affected tissues and often involves immunosuppressive therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Type IV (Delayed) hypersensitivity reactions from other types of hypersensitivity?

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions do not involve antibodies; instead, antigen-presenting cells activate T helper cells which then activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the characteristics and impact of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

SCID is a genetic disorder where individuals lack functional B and T cells, leading to severe immunodeficiency. AIDS, caused by HIV, targets the immune system, specifically depleting CD4 T cells, and can result in opportunistic infections and long-term health complications. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the transmission, symptoms, and treatment options for HIV/AIDS.

HIV/AIDS is transmitted through bodily fluids, initially presents flu-like symptoms, and can progress to severe weight loss, fatigue, and opportunistic infections. Current treatment focuses on antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and prolong life expectancy. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between SCID and AIDS in terms of immune response deficiency.

SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) is a genetic disorder where both T and B cells are affected, leading to a lack of immune response. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV, which specifically targets and destroys CD4 T cells, weakening the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS.

HIV/AIDS is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing of needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of cytotoxic T cells in combating infections like HIV/AIDS.

Cytotoxic T cells are activated to target and destroy infected cells, particularly those infected with viruses like HIV. This helps eliminate the source of the infection and control its spread. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the involvement of hypersensitivity reactions in promoting inflammatory responses.

Hypersensitivity reactions involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless antigens, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Certain types of T cells, particularly T helper cells, play a key role in promoting these inflammatory responses. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiency diseases.

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, tissues, or organs, leading to inflammation and damage. Immunodeficiency diseases, on the other hand, result in a weakened or absent immune response, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Signup and view all the answers

______ are white blood cells that play a role in combating parasitic infections and are also involved in allergic reactions.

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils work by engulfing and destroying bacteria through a process called ______.

phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Basophils are a type of white blood cell that releases histamine, a compound involved in the body's ______ response.

inflammatory Signup and view all the answers

______ are highly mobile and are among the first responders to sites of infection or tissue damage.

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

______ are essential for fighting off bacterial infections.

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

________ are a type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils and macrophages are the main types of __________ involved in phagocytosis

phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

Chemical signals released by injured tissues attract __________ to the site of infection

phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

________ is a crucial process in the body's immune response, particularly in the second line of defense

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

________ cells engulf and digest foreign particles like bacteria in the body's immune response

Phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

_____ cells are responsible for releasing histamine and heparin in response to allergic reactions or inflammation

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

During an infection, the body may induce ______ as a defense mechanism to help combat pathogens

fever Signup and view all the answers

_______ are white blood cells that play a crucial role in engulfing and digesting pathogens in the immune response

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

______ are known for their role in wound healing and tissue repair as part of the immune response

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

_______ cells are responsible for destroying infected cells and tumor cells in the immune system

Natural Killer Signup and view all the answers

The innate defenses include intact skin with an intact highly effective physical barrier and intact mucous membranes acting as a sticky, mucous barrier with various protective components such as nasal hairs, mucus, cilia, gastric juice, acid mantle of the vagina, tears, saliva, and urine, all contributing to immune protection. Neutrophils are a key part of the innate defense, as are eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes, which are referred to as ______ and have essential roles in the immune response.

phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages, which can be free and fixed, and their opsonization ______ are also integral components of the innate defenses.

phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

The second line of defense includes antimicrobial proteins like interferons, which can save neighboring cells when defense is being breached by a pathogen. Antimicrobial proteins such as complement and ______ help police the body for any anomalies and turn infected cells into virus factories.

natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

Fever is part of the inflammatory response and serves to prevent the spread of harmful agents, dispose of cellular debris, and alert the adaptive immune system, while also setting the stage for repair. The 4 cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and potentially the loss of ______.

function Signup and view all the answers

The immune system is a functional system with two arms that work together to monitor and protect, including the innate or non-specific and adaptive or specific defenses. The innate defenses include intact skin with an intact highly effective physical barrier and intact mucous membranes acting as a sticky, mucous barrier with various protective components. Neutrophils are a key part of the innate defense, as are eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes, which are referred to as phagocytes. Macrophages, which can be free and fixed, and their opsonization phagocytosis are also integral components of the innate defenses. The second line of defense includes antimicrobial proteins like interferons, which can save neighboring cells when defense is being breached by a pathogen. Antimicrobial proteins such as complement and natural killer cells help police the body for any anomalies and turn infected cells into virus factories. Fever is part of the inflammatory response and serves to prevent the spread of harmful agents, dispose of cellular debris, and alert the adaptive immune system, while also setting the stage for repair. The 4 cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, ______, and potentially the loss of function.

pain Signup and view all the answers

Anatomy Exam 2 Ch. 21B: Immune System Defenses

Choose a study mode

Podcast

Questions and Answers

Which antibody class is found in body fluids and helps protect against infections?

Which antibody class is involved in allergic reactions?

Which antibody class is the most common and provides long-term protection against infections?

Which antibody class is the first to be produced in response to an infection?

Which antibody class is found on the surface of B cells and helps activate them?

Which cells primarily present exogenous antigens to helper T cells?

Where do B cells develop and undergo selection to ensure self-tolerance?

Which cells secrete defensive immunoglobulins (Igs) and memory antibodies?

Which type of immunity utilizes antibodies produced by B cells to tag antigens for destruction?

What distinguishes immunity from nonspecific resistance?

Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?

Which type of immunity involves B cells mediated by antibodies that destroy pathogens?

What characterizes natural passive immunity?

Which class of antibodies is produced by the body upon exposure to a pathogen?

What type of immunity involves making its own antibodies that last forever?

What is the main function of cytotoxic T cells in cellular immunity?

Which type of T cell is responsible for memory in cellular immunity?

Where are MHC class I molecules primarily found?

What is the process of antigen presentation involving APCs and T cells?

In cellular immunity, what triggers cytotoxic T cells (TC cells) to become activated?

Where do B cells mature?

Which one of the following is NOT an effector cell in the immune system?

What is the primary target of humoral immunity?

Which cells produce antibodies in the immune response?

What is the function of B cells in adaptive immunity?

Which type of immunity involves B cells and the production of antibodies?

Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies in response to an antigen?

Which class of antibodies is involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites?

What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?

Which type of immunity involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another?

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

Which white blood cell type is essential for fighting off bacterial infections?

Which white blood cell type releases histamine in the inflammatory response?

What is the role of eosinophils in the immune response?

Which type of white blood cell plays a role in allergic reactions?

What is the primary function of antibodies produced by plasma cells?

What is the main role of B cells in humoral immunity?

What distinguishes different antibody classes from each other?

What is the main function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

Which white blood cell type plays a role in combating parasitic infections?

What is the primary role of basophils in the body's inflammatory response?

Which process involves white blood cells engulfing and destroying bacteria?

Which white blood cell type floods the area of infection to complete the inflammatory process?

Which type of white blood cell is responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens in the immune response?

What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?

Which white blood cell is known for its role in combating parasitic infections and allergic reactions?

In the immune system, which cells are primarily responsible for destroying infected cells and tumor cells?

What distinguishes eosinophils from neutrophils, basophils, and monocytes in the immune system?

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?

Which of the following white blood cells releases histamine in the inflammatory response?

What distinguishes eosinophils from other phagocytic cells like neutrophils and macrophages?

Which white blood cell type can differentiate into macrophages, contributing to the body's immune response?

What is the main process that macrophages, derived from monocytes, are involved in during the immune response?

Which type of white blood cell releases histamine and is involved in allergic reactions?

Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens through phagocytosis?

Which white blood cell is primarily responsible for phagocytosis and clearing pathogens from the body?

Which white blood cell type is associated with defense against parasites and allergic reactions?

Among the listed white blood cells, which one releases histamine and plays a role in allergic reactions?

Which type of white blood cell is essential for defense against parasites and plays a role in allergic reactions?

Among white blood cells, which type is known for its role in presenting antigens to T cells?

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for engulfing and destroying bacteria through phagocytosis?

Among the listed white blood cells, which one is known for its role in presenting antigens to T cells and acting as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Which white blood cell plays a crucial role in engulfing and digesting cellular debris and pathogens through phagocytosis?

Which type of white blood cell is associated with combating parasitic infections and modulating allergic responses?

Which type of white blood cell is responsible for releasing histamine and heparin in response to allergic reactions or inflammation?

Which one of the following white blood cell types is primarily responsible for fighting off bacterial infections and promoting inflammation through phagocytosis?

Which type of white blood cell is known for differentiating into macrophages that engulf pathogens and cellular debris as part of the immune response?

Which process involves the ingestion and destruction of pathogens or debris by white blood cells like neutrophils and macrophages?

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?

Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for combatting parasitic infections?

What is the main function of basophils in the immune system?

In the immune response, which cell type is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells for activation?

Which white blood cell is known for its role in wound healing and tissue repair?

What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune system?

Where do T cells mature in the body?

What is the role of regulatory T cells in the immune system?