Questions and Answers
What is the connective tissue sheath surrounding individual muscle fibers?
What is a bundle of muscle cells surrounded by a perimysium?
What connective tissue covers the exterior of a muscle organ?
What connective tissue surrounds muscle fiber bundles?
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What is an individual muscle fiber known as?
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What does the I band refer to in muscle structure?
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What does the H zone indicate?
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What does the A band contain?
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What is the Z disc in muscle structure?
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What is the M line's role in muscle structure?
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What type of muscle fibers depend on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms?
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Which muscle fibers react quickly but fatigue easily?
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What are red fibers known as?
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What muscle fibers contain abundant amounts of glycogen?
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In which muscles are slow, fatigue-resistant fibers abundant?
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Which muscle fiber type is found in successful marathon runners?
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What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?
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Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?
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Most skeletal muscles contain ________.
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Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of
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The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by
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Which motor units are recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases?
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Excitation-contraction coupling requires which of the following substances: ________.
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Which factor affects the velocity and duration of muscle contraction: ________.
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What does myoglobin do?
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What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?
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What does excess postexercise oxygen consumption represent?
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Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period.
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How does creatine phosphate function in the muscle cell?
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What is the primary function of wave summation?
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What major function does the sarcoplasmic reticulum serve in muscle contraction?
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What produces the striations of a skeletal muscle cell?
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During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?
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Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
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Why does rigor mortis occur?
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Which of the following does not describe how excess postexercise oxygen consumption (oxygen deficit) restores metabolic conditions?
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What does the term aponeurosis refer to?
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The oxygen-binding protein is ________.
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Study Notes
Muscle Tissue and Structure
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Connective tissue surrounds muscle fibers:
- Endomysium encases individual muscle fibers.
- Perimysium surrounds bundles of muscle cells.
- Epimysium covers the exterior of entire muscle organs.
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Muscle fibers and components:
- Individual muscle fibers are the smallest contractile units.
- Myofilaments' arrangement produces striations seen in skeletal muscle.
Muscle Fiber Types
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Slow oxidative fibers:
- Fatigue-resistant and red in color, abundant in muscles for posture.
- Dominant in successful marathon runners due to aerobic capacity.
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Fast glycolytic fibers:
- Fast-acting, utilize anaerobic metabolism, and have high glycogen content.
- Typically fatigue quickly but recover rapidly after short, intense exercises.
Muscle Contraction Mechanics
- Excitation-contraction coupling requires calcium ions (Ca2+) and ATP.
- Myosin cross bridges attach to active sites on actin during muscle contraction.
Muscle Function and Recovery
- Rigor mortis occurs postmortem due to the absence of ATP, preventing myosin from releasing actin.
- Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) accounts for the oxygen deficit after aerobic activity.
Muscle Cell Characteristics
- Smooth muscle cells have a significant regenerative ability compared to skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
- Myoglobin functions to store oxygen within muscle cells, enhancing endurance during activity.
Muscle Strength and Stimulation
- Skeletal muscles exhibit a mixture of fiber types, affecting overall performance and strength.
- Stronger muscle contractions arise from increased stimulation up to maximal stimulus levels.
- Recruitment of motor units occurs in response to increased contractile strength, engaging larger and less excitable neurons progressively.
Muscle Activation and Recovery
- The latent period is crucial for the neurotransmission process prior to muscle contraction.
- Creatine phosphate acts as an energy reserve, facilitating ATP resynthesis during periods of high demand.
- Wave summation contributes to smooth and continuous muscle contractions.
Calcium and Muscle Function
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum serves as the primary structure for calcium storage, essential for muscle contraction regulation.
- Muscle contraction velocity and duration are influenced by the load on the muscle fibers.
Other Important Muscle Concepts
- The term aponeurosis refers to a sheet-like structure providing indirect attachment to skeletal elements.
- Potential metabolic alterations during recovery are essential for restoring muscle functionality and returning lactic acid levels to normal.
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Description
Test your knowledge of muscle anatomy with these flashcards from Chapter 9. Each card explores important terms related to muscle tissue structure. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of anatomy.
